During the last decade the economic burden of rheumatic diseases has been increasingly recognised. Even though more studies have been published on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than ankylosing spondylitis (AS) sufficient data is available for comparison of some economic consequences. This overview addresses mainly the societal impact of RA and AS on (1) labour force participation, on (2) the costs ...

Dental fillings represent an established procedure to treat tooth decay. The present paper provides a cost comparison of dental filling procedures across nine European countries. More specifically, the paper aims to estimate the costs and prices (i.e. reimbursement fees) of a single dental filling procedure in an approximately 12-year-old child with a toothache in a lower molar who presents at ...

nowadays accountancy of human resources has become one. of the most important issues in the field of maintaining human resources in the organizations. there ate different methods to use for controlling human resource that in this essay the major emphasis has been put on degree of replacement or rotation, absenteeism, and the relationship between employees. in accountancy of human resources the ...

For subsequent births, women who have experienced previous caesarean section face a choice between elective caesarean section and trial of labour. The study reported in this paper utilises Australian hospital data to compare birth outcome and health system costs of these two options. Although trial of labour is more expensive if the result is an emergency caesarean section, high rates of succes...

National labour market institutions interact across national boundaries when product markets are global. Labour market policies can thus entail spill-overs, a fact widely ignored in the academic literature. This paper studies the effects of wage subsidies in an international duopoly model with unionised labour markets. We document both positive and negative spill-over effects and discuss the be...

recently, most of firms are encouraging to employ informal labour force for reduction of their costs, in order to improve their competitiveness in global markets. these sorts of employees due to decrease labour expenses, thus help to the firm competitiveness, but little training and skill of them decreases competitiveness of firm in global markets. this article studies the effect of flexibility...