A highly specific Diels-Alder protein catalyst was made by manipulating the antibody repertoire of the immune system. The catalytic antibody 13G5 catalyzes a disfavored exo Diels-Alder transformation in a reaction for which there is no natural enzyme counterpart and that yields a single regioisomer in high enantiomeric excess. The crystal structure of the antibody Fab in complex with a ferrocen...

Antibody 43C9 accelerates the hydrolysis of a p-nitroanilide by a factor of 2.5 x 10(5) over the background rate in addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of a series of aromatic esters. Since this represents one of the largest rate accelerations achieved with an antibody, we have undertaken a series of studies aimed at uncovering the catalytic mechanism of 43C9. The immunogen, a phosphonamidate...

Lactate and malate dehydrogenases (LDH and MDH) are homologous, core metabolic enzymes common to nearly all living organisms. LDHs have evolved convergently from MDHs at least four times, achieving altered substrate specificity by a different mechanism each time. For instance, the LDH of anaerobic trichomonad parasites recently evolved independently from an ancestral trichomonad MDH by gene dup...

Antibody 34E4 catalyzes the conversion of benzisoxazoles to salicylonitriles with high rates and multiple turnovers. The crystal structure of its complex with the benzimidazolium hapten at 2.5-angstroms resolution shows that a combination of hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and van der Waals interactions is exploited to position both the base, Glu(H50), and the substrate for efficient proton tran...

Staggered vertical nests have been developed, coupled with the WRF innermost nests. This methodology is applied to the high resolution simulations of field data from the T-REX Campaign of measurements (Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment), Owens Valley, CA, 2006. Our real case WRF simulations are based on initial and boundary conditions from both high resolution T799 L91 ECMWF analysis data and GF...

It is customary to analyze transport industry structure using two indices: economies of density and economies of scale with variable network size (RTS). The latter has been defined to analyze the behavior of costs when output and network size expand simultaneously. After reviewing in detail what is intended with the calculation of RTS under this definition, we show analytically that, when the s...

Consumers’choices depend on preferences over outcomes and beliefs about how their choices map into these outcomes. While economic models typically assume some form of rational expectations or "perfect beliefs,” in reality consumers are often ill-informed or confused. In this paper, I elicit beliefs over the …nancial bene…ts and costs of higher or lower fuel economy using the Vehicle Ownership a...

Three extended airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) sections of tropospheric water vapour across the tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic in March 2004 are compared to short-term forecasts of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The humidity fields between 28 S and 36 N exhibit large inter air-mass gradients and reflect typical transport patterns of lowand mid-...

Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) observations of tropospheric water vapour over Brazil and between Brazil and south Europe in March 2004 are compared to 1-hourly short-range forecasts of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). On three along-flight sections across the tropical and sub-tropical 5 Atlantic between 28◦ S and 37◦N humidity fields are observed wh...

Substitution of amino acids 70 and 91 in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core region is a significant predictor of poor responses to peginterferon-plus-ribavirin therapy, while their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigated these differences in the response to alpha interferon (IFN) by using HCV cell culture with R70Q, R70H, and L91M substitutions. IFN treatment of cells transfecte...