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Preliminary Draft Comments Welcome Oil has been an important energy source in the U.S. for over 100 years. Increased reliance on foreign supplies has resulted in potential vulnerability, while high U.S. production costs, coupled with a dynamic market price, have resulted in a volatile domestic industry. The Federal government has responded with many initiatives. Military expenditures in the Per...

We use fiscal data on 2,468 oil extraction agreements in 38 countries to study tax contracts between resource-rich countries and independent oil companies. We analyze why expropriations occur and what determines the degree of oil price exposure of host countries. With asymmetric information about a country’s expropriation cost even optimal contracts feature expropriations. Near-linearity in the...

Using data on 61 oil companies from 2001-09, we examine the evolution of revenue efficiency of National Oil Companies (NOCs) and shareholder-owned oil companies (SOCs). We find that NOCs generally are less efficient than SOCs, but their efficiency increased faster over the last decade. We also find evidence that partial privatizations increase operational efficiency, and (weaker) evidence that ...

background: satureja sahandica is a perennial plant of the family lamiaceae and an aromatic plant of iran flora with its essential oil components used in culinary, medicinal, and perfume industries. objective: to identify components of s. sahandica planted in qazvin condition. methods: aerial parts of s. sahandica were collected from a research farm (qazvin agriculture and natural resources res...

Energy has an important role in the economic growth of a country, more energy country has, better country's economy. This study tries to map development research published field economics. The was conducted using VOSViewer software. data analyzed were form scientific related economics Islamic countries as many 45 articles last 10 years. results showed that number publications on continued incre...