Postsynaptic kainate-type glutamate receptors (KARs) regulate synaptic network activity through their slow channel kinetics, most prominently at mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapses in the hippocampus. Nevertheless, how KARs cluster and function at these synapses has been unclear. Here, we show that C1q-like proteins C1ql2 and C1ql3, produced by MFs, serve as extracellular organizers to recruit functi...

[2] If we knew g ∈ SL2(C) had an expression g = kark, then gg∗ = ka2rk, where g∗ is conjugate transpose. This suggests how to determine components k, ar, k ′: by the spectral theorem for positive-definite hermitian operators gg∗, we can find k ∈ SU(2) and a diagonal matrix a2r of positive real eigenvalues, so that gg∗ = ka2rk. We claim that k′ = (kar) −1g ∈ SU(2). Indeed, ( (kar) −1g )( (kar) −...

Ionotropic glutamate receptors of AMPA, NMDA, and kainate receptor (KAR) subtypes mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate CNS. Auxiliary proteins have been identified for AMPA and NMDA receptor complexes, but little is known about KAR complex proteins. We previously identified the CUB (complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmpl) domain protein, Neto1, as an NMDA receptor-associated ...

Presynaptic kainate receptors (KARs) exert a modulatory action on transmitter release. This effect can be switched from facilitation to inhibition by an increased concentration of KAR agonists. We here report that activation of presynaptic GluK1-containing KARs facilitates GABA release on oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Increase in ambient levels ...

Karrikins are a class of seed germination stimulants identified in smoke from wildfires. Microarray analysis of imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds was performed to identify transcriptional responses to KAR(1) before germination. A small set of genes that are regulated by KAR(1), even when germination is prevented by the absence of gibberellin biosynthesis or light, were identified. Light-induce...

Presynaptic kainate receptors (KARs) modulate the release of glutamate at synapses established between mossy fibers (MF) and CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. The activation of KAR by low, nanomolar, kainate concentrations facilitates glutamate release. KAR-mediated facilitation of glutamate release involves the activation of an adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kin...

MOTIVATION Targeted kinase inhibitors have dramatically improved cancer treatment, but kinase dependency for an individual patient or cancer cell can be challenging to predict. Kinase dependency does not always correspond with gene expression and mutation status. High-throughput drug screens are powerful tools for determining kinase dependency, but drug polypharmacology can make results difficu...

* R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy † R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India, Department of Pediatric Medicine Supervising Section Editor: Christopher Kang, MD Submission history: Submitted July 04, 2008; Revision Received October 24, 2008; Accepted October 24, 2008. Reprints available through open access at www.westjem.org [WestJEM....

We consider four cost allocation rules in minimum cost spanning tree problems. These rules were introduced by Bird (1976), Dutta and Kar (2004), Kar (2002), and Feltkamp, Tijs and Muto (1994), respectively. We give a list of desirable properties and we study which properties are satisfied by these rules.