Using a sample of 517 executives who lost their jobs as a result of downsizing, this study examined underemployment among managers in replacement jobs taken after their layoffs. Laid-off executives who were re-employed in jobs which paid less, were at lower levels of organizational hierarchies and which did not fully utilize their skills had consistently lower job attitudes. In addition, the re...

We consider the problem of computing shortest paths subject to an additional resource constraint such as a hard limit on the (positive) height difference of the path. This is typically of interest in the context of bicycle route planning, or when energy consumption is to be limited. So far, the exact computation of such constrained shortest paths was not feasible on large networks; we show that...

When you drive to somewhere ‘far away’, you will leave your current location via one of only a few ‘important’ traffic junctions. Recently, other research groups and we have largely independently developed this informal observation into transit node routing, a technique for reducing quickest-path queries in road networks to a small number of table lookups. The contribution of our paper is twofo...

Contraction hierarchies are a simple hierarchical routing technique that has proved extremely efficient for static road networks. We explain how to generalize them to networks with time-dependent edge weights. This is the first hierarchical speedup technique for timedependent routing that allows bidirectional query algorithms. For large realistic networks with considerable time-dependence (Germ...

We describe an algorithmic framework for lossless compression of route descriptions. This is useful for hybrid route planning where routes are computed by a server and then transmitted to a client device in a car using some mobile radio communication where bandwidth may be low. Compressed routes are represented by only a few via nodes which are the connection points when the route is decomposed...

When you drive to somewhere ‘far away’, you will leave your current location via one of only a few ‘important’ traffic junctions. Starting from this informal observation, we develop an algorithmic approach—transit node routing— that allows us to reduce quickest-path queries in road networks to a small number of table lookups. We present two implementations of this idea, one based on a simple gr...

We study two speedup techniques for route planning in road networks: highway hierarchies (HH) and goal directed search using landmarks (ALT). It turns out that there are several interesting synergies. Highway hierarchies yield a way to implement landmark selection more efficiently and to store landmark information more space efficiently than before. ALT gives queries in highway hierarchies an e...

Thus far the articles in series JOD calls “Organization Zoo” have employed notion of a “zoo” metaphorically to describe an array human institutions. Here we take term literally consider design most complex organizations living world beside those humans, favorite insect zoos around world: ant colonies. We individuality and group identity functioning organizations; advantages flat organization wi...