www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 3 August 2016 e341 3 Cassels S, Goodreau SM. Interaction of mathematical modeling and social and behavioral HIV/AIDS research. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6: 119–23. 4 Bwayo J, Plummer F, Omari M, et al. Human immunodefi ciency virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in east Africa. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1391–96. 5 Ramjee G, Gouws E. Prevalence of HIV among tr...

An analysis of the type presented is highly unusual, but most timely in view of the rapid changes occurring in this and other branches of applied biology. Mammary physiology is here interpreted broadly to include cognate sciences, fundamental and applied aspects, and both medical and dairying contexts, though references to the latter predominate. To aid discussion, ‘validity’ is considered unde...

The aim of this chapter is to communicate the underlying principles for producing heattreated milk which is safe and of high quality, based on many years of experience which has been gained from teaching, research and troubleshooting. Although a small amount of milk is still sold as ‘untreated’ or raw, the two main heat treatments used for milk sold in the retail sector are pasteurisation and s...

For a long time, the perception of consumers about fat from animal origin was linked to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially due to the large amounts of saturated fatty acids. The dairy products provide 15 to 25% of fat consumed by humans and 25 to 35% of saturated fat (Chilliard et al., 2001). This statement of cognizance, even if the potential effects of saturated fatty a...

My aim in this review is to use the rat as a model system for a discussion of the functional development of the gastrointestinal tract. I should make it clear at the outset that since the rat is an altricial species, many of the enzymic changes that occur postnatally in the rat occur prenatally in other mammals, including humans (Grand et al. 1976; Lebenthal et al. 1983). Nevertheless, I believ...

Effects of pH and milk constituents (milk ultrafiltrate and ~:-casein) on denaturation of fl-lactoglobulin were investigated by a dynamic method based on differential scanning calorimetry. The apparent reaction order of /Ltactoglobulin denaturation by the dynamic method was 2.0 over the pH range of 4.0 to 9.0, which is in fair agreement with results by other investigators using more classical m...

Most plant and mammalian tissue lipids contain fatty acids with a carbon chain longer than 14 atoms. However, milk lipids from several species like ruminants and rodents (Jenness, 1974), seed lipids from certain plants like coconuts (Child, 1974) and Cuphea (Graham & Kleiman, 1985) and lipids from several insects (AddaeMensah & Cameron, 1978) and from some bird glands (Downing, 1976; Jacob, 197...

References and Notes 1. S. Fields, Y. Kohara, D. J. Lockhart, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 8825 (1999); A. Goffeau et al., Science 274, 546 (1996). 2. P. Ross-Macdonald et al., Nature 402, 413 (1999); J. L. DeRisi, V. R. lyer, P. 0. Brown, Science 278, 680 (1997); E. A. Winzeler et at., Science 285, 901 (1999); P. Uetz et al., Nature 403, 623 (2000); T. Ito et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U...

a-factor, one of two peptide hormones responsible for synchronized mating between MATa and MATa-cell types in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, binds to its cell surface receptor and is internalized in a time-, temperature-, and energy-dependent manner (Chvatchko, Y., I. Howald, and H. Riezman. 1986. Cell. 46:355-364). After internalization, a-factor is delivered to the vacuole via vesicular intermedia...