the present paper aims for the most part to prove the fact that religious and spiritual places and above all, mosques play major roles within islamic urban areas. they are in fact the basis of civil infrastructures. a historical analysis focusing on where mosques stand in islamic urban areas reveals that mosques have always been the center of development and growth and that they must be studied...

This research tackles the architectural typology of mosques built by religious associations in Algeria, which is a timeless issue. Despite specific legislation new mosques' typology, random or fanciful architectures field are considered Islamic Architecture. Our aims to analyze mosque data and report all architectonic elements identified two Algerian wilayas as case study. It then classify defi...

Ivan Illich's attack on modern medicine, Medical Nemesis, appeared in 1974. The book famously opened with the statement: 'The medical establishment has become a major threat to health.' Forty years after its publication, this paper examines the major themes of the book, and asks whether events since its publication have added weight to Illich's thesis.

The Padmakar–Ivan (PI) index of a graph G is defined as the sum of terms [mu(e) + mv(e)] over all edges of G, where e is an edge, connecting the vertices u and v, wheremu(e) is the number of edges of G lying closer to the vertex u than to the vertex v, and where mv(e) is defined analogously. The extremal values of the PI index are determined in the class of connected bipartite graphs with a giv...

decorative arts have got a special place in iranian architecture traditionally. these types of arts are the symbol of nation's ethnics and indigenous features and also express the artist's feelings of those times. stucco is one type of the decorative arts that has decorated many buildings -especially palaces-that belong to the pre-islamic period and also mosques that built in the isla...

The article introduces the notion of probabilistic net present value which is used as a criterion for choice between a franchise purchase or creation of independent company.