Introduction Although ethnocentrism is one of the fundamental concepts in social sciences, its study has been impeded by a diversity conceptualizations and measures. In recent years, growing number political scientists psychologists have undertaken in-depth research into ethnocentrism. addition, researchers recently proposed comprehensive reconceptualization developed new Ethnocentrism scale. T...

The randomized response (RR) technique is often used to obtain answers on sensitive questions. A new method is developed to measure latent variables using the RR technique because direct questioning leads to biased results. Within the RR technique is the probability of the true response modeled by an item response theory (IRT) model. The RR technique links the observed item response with the tr...