This work essentially represents two parts of a whole. Part one is a medical chronology and the reader is taken on an odyssey, as we chart the evolution of medicine from prehistoric times, through the ancient world, the middle ages, and into our modern world. Goddard writes with impressive authority, and reveals a deep love for learning, not just about medicine, but civilization. The author als...

Islam is part of the source civilization for its adherents. It adjusted to term itself, which has meaning product activities in human life, both economic, social, political, educational fields, and so on. Thus, this case, as a religion, holy writings, also provides clue about things needed although not clear language. Enforcing implementation Arabic Islamic Sharia into society such Indonesia wi...

A civilization constitutes a durable social system of complementary traits. Some of the complementarities of any given civilization are between elements of “material” life and ones commonly treated as integral to “culture.” Identifying the mechanisms responsible for a civilization’s observed trajectory involves, therefore, causal relationships that cross the often-postulated “cultural–material”...

amulet prayers or the so called “ad'iyatul-hirz,” are a genre of islamic liturgical literature, prevailing among all muslims, especially in shiite culture. it is of importance to study these texts, whether in order to formulate the history of islamic liturgies, or to perceive the development of islamic culture and civilization, or to achieve a meaning tool for dating muslim traditions. as ...