in this paper, evaluation of torsional stiffness in beam and slab bridge deck elements is presented. a beam and slab bridge decks structurally behave as a grillage. a grillage has an efficient transverse load distribution due to transverse asymmetric load. in the case of bridge deck without transverse beams in the span, transverse load distribution depends on the torsional stiffness of longitud...

We derive sufficient conditions for a dynamical systems to have set of irregular points with full topological entropy. Such are verified nonuniformly hyperbolic such as positive entropy surface diffeomorphisms and rational functions on the Riemann sphere.