BACKGROUND An andrographolide analogue, 3, 19-isopropylideneandrographolide (IPAD), exerts an inhibitory effect on replication of wild-type herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV-1). In this study, we examined the anti-viral activity of IPAD on HSV wild types (HSV-1 strain KOS and HSV-2 clinical isolate) and HSV-1 drug-resistant strains (DRs). Synergistic effects of IPAD with acyclovir (ACV) were...

Type III secretion (TTS) is an essential virulence function for Shigella flexneri that delivers effector proteins that are responsible for bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. The Shigella TTS apparatus (TTSA) consists of a basal body that spans the bacterial inner and outer membranes and a needle exposed at the pathogen surface. At the distal end of the needle is a "tip complex" ...

The iPad is a well-known handheld interactive multimedia tool that has been quite popular lately among teachers and students. Previous research indicates that handheld digital technology is, in general, capable of supporting learning and educational literacy; however, iPad-focused studies are still scarce. In this study, we access and review the instructional benefits of using the iPad in educa...

Shigella species (spp.) are gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for shigellosis. Although it can be controlled via antibiotics, increasing number of antibiotic resistant isolates of Shigella have been reported. Therefore, other strategies such as production of specific vaccine against this organism could be a suitable therapeutic approach. Attenuated live vaccines produced by gene delet...

ipad gene is amongst key genes in shigella invasion, known as an antigen. pa20 protein of bacillus anthracic can be separated from native pa protein during the infection and can be found in the serum of the infected patients and make it possible to diagnose the disease. ctxb, a known immune adjuvant, enhances the immunogenicity and is mainly used for the production of recombinant vaccines as a ...

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) by contrast of other networks have more vulnerability because of having nature properties such as dynamic topology and no infrastructure. Therefore, a considerable challenge for these networks, is a method expansion that to be able to specify anomalies with high accuracy at network dynamic topology alternation. In this paper, two methods proposed for dynamic anom...

Salmonella and Shigella bacteria require the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence proteins into their hosts and initiate infections. The tip proteins SipD and IpaD are critical components of the Salmonella and Shigella T3SS, respectively. Recently, SipD and IpaD have been shown to interact with bile salts, which are enriched in the intestines, and are hypothesized to act as envi...

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and to date there is no cure or efficient prophylaxis. The cognitive decline correlates with the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the walls of capillaries and arteries. Our group has demonstrated that interstitial fluid and Aβ are eliminated from the brain along the basement membranes of capillaries and arteries, the intramural peria...