The emission from galactic black holes and Seyfert galaxies is generally understood in term of two-phase models (Haardt & Maraschi 1991, 1993). Such models postulate that a hot plasma (∼109 K) coexists with relatively colder material (∼ 106 K) in the inner part of the accretion flow. We present the first simulated broad-band spectra produced by such a system and accounting simultaneously for en...

We studied the ionization probability of Na atoms in an intense Ti–sapphire laser at 800 nm versus the laser pulse duration. The ionization probabilities for the Na(3s) and Na(3p) states were found to vary non-monotonically with the pulse duration at a constant peak laser intensity. The abnormal (non-monotonic) pulse duration dependence was traced to the competition between resonant and non-res...

In this study, the substituent effect on the electronic, spectroscopic properties and thermodynamic parameters of neutral and oxidized states of ferrocylidene acetophenone complexes was investigated by adopting the hybrid meta exchange-correlation functional of M06-2X. The frontier orbitals and the highest occupied molecular orbitals–lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals gaps of the substituted ...

Electrospray ionization is today the most widely used ionization technique in chemical and biochemical analysis. Interfaced with a mass spectrometer it allows the investigation of the molecular composition of liquid samples. With electrospray a large variety of chemical substances can be ionized. There is no limitation in mass which thus enables even the investigation of large noncovalent prote...

This review of atmospheric pressure ion sources discusses major developments that have occurred since 1991. Advances in the instrumentation and understanding of the key physical principles are the primary focus. Developments with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and variations encompassing adaptations for surface analysis, ambient air analysis, high throughput, and modi...

Article history: Received 5 December 2013 In final form 24 January 2014 Available online 1 February 2014 Slater’s covalent radii agree nicely with experiment when the effective principal quantum number and the screening constant for the outermost electron are taken from fits of the hydrogen-like energy level expression to ionization energies in isoelectronic series. This establishes a simple co...

The time-dependent Dirac equation can be solved exactly for ionization induced by ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. Ionization calculations are carried out in such a framework for a number of representative ion-ion pairs. For each ion-ion pair, the computed cross section consists of two terms, a constant energy independent term and a term whose coefficient is ln γ. Scaled values of both t...

This work demonstrates that excess hot-carrier currents in SO1 MOSFETs are caused by self-heating. Self-heating-free Ism data should be used for dynamic lifetime extrapolation due to long thermal time constant. The underlying mechanism, increased impact ionization with temperature at low drain bias, is studied experimentally from the angle of thermal activation energy. Our study indicates that ...

The focus of this work is on identifying the processes behind the sustained initiation of ionization, or "ignition", at the inlet of a self-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT). Plasma accelerators generate high Isp thrust via a combination of high power densities and low mass densities, resulting in strong gradients of temperature and density, particularly in the areas of current concent...