Aptly named, ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune contain significant amounts of water. While this water cannot be present near the cloud tops, it must be abundant in the deep interior. We investigate the likelihood of a liquid water ocean existing in the hydrogen-rich region between the cloud tops and deep interior. Starting from an assumed temperature at a given upper tropospheric pressure (...

Abstract Omphacite is a diagnostic mineral of high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks, its association with garnet characteristic eclogites from subduction-related massifs volcano-entrained xenoliths. can accommodate significant amounts water as structurally bound hydroxyl (OH) groups, able to convey into Earth's interior. We show, for the first time, experimental evidence that infrared absorption p...

Forest fragmentation results in a loss of forest interior and an increase in edge habitat. We studied how understorey bird community composition and habitat variables changed along an edge-to-interior gradient in a 1248-ha lowland rainforest patch in peninsular Malaysia. Birds and environmental variables such as vegetation structure and litter depth were detected within a 25-m radius of each of...

We examine a model for the propagation of heat through a one-dimensional object with an interior “flaw”. The flaw is modeled as a nonlinear relationship between the flux and temperature jump at an interior point of the object. Under realistic hypotheses, the resulting nonlinear initial boundary value problem is shown to have a unique and suitably smooth solution.

we study interior operators and interior structures in a fuzzy setting.we investigate systems of “almost open” fuzzy sets and the relationshipsto fuzzy interior operators and fuzzy interior systems.

Presently there is a little information that relates to heat shield systems.  Also this information is not certain in so many cases.  The main reason is that accurate calculations for measuring the sacrificing rate of various materials have not been obtained yet.  Additionally, the real scale test has two disadvantages: high cost and low flexibility, and for each case we must perform a new test...

Starting with Kelvin there have been many controversies and paradoxes associated with the evolution of the Earth. These are not faith-based controversies, in the ordinary sense; they are based on calculations and assumptions which are a form of faith . Present-day heat flow is determined by the amount and distribution of radioactive elements, their secular decline with time, the delay between h...

Eight populations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) seedlings were sampled from a zone of Sitka-interior spruce introgression in British Columbia, Canada. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were used to define species-specific hybridization patte...

In recent years, the Indian Ocean (IO) has been discovered to have a much larger impact on climate variability than previously thought. This paper reviews processes in which the IO is, or appears to be, actively involved. We begin the mathematical model with a pattern for summer monsoon winds. Three dimensional temperature and velocity fields are calculated analytically for the ocean forced by ...

Introduction: Past space missions to Mars have provided important constraints on the planet's internal density distribution [1,2]. However, the thermal structure of the Martian interior remains highly uncertain. Although theoretical calculations have provided some basic knowledge of the thermal evolution of Mars [e.g., 3-9], the results from these computer simulations are strongly dependent on ...