The impact of ERS scatterometer winds on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) and four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation systems is investigated. ERS scatterometer winds are found to be of consistent high quality in comparison to other surface wind observations. Both 3D-Var and 4D-Var systems assimilate the data well a...

Abstract Intense magnetic storms pose a systemic threat to the electric power grid. In this study we examined solar/interplanetary causes of such storms, their peak theoretical and observed intensities, occurrence frequency. Using coronal mass ejection (CME) solar wind data, selected 18 intense from 1996 2021 with disturbance storm time (Dst) index less than – 200 nT analyzed events conditions ...

Intense fluxes of neutrinos are emitted by the hot neutron star produced in a supernova. The average supernova neutrino energies satisfy a robust hierarchy 〈Eνe〉 < 〈Eν̄e〉 < 〈Eνμ(τ)〉 ≈ 〈Eν̄μ(τ)〉. The νe and ν̄e capture reactions on neutrons and protons, respectively, provide heating to drive a wind from the hot neutron star. The same reactions also determine the neutron-richness of the wind materia...

Observations of lake-effect storms that occur over the Great Lakes region during late autumn and winter indicate a high sensitivity to ambient wind speed and direction. In this paper, a twodimensional version of the Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/ NCAR) model is used to investigate the wind speed effects on lake-effect snowstorms that occur over the Great La...

This study examines the economic impacts of US hurricanes. The major conclusions are the following: First, there are substantial vulnerabilities to intense hurricanes in the Atlantic coastal United States. Damages appear to rise with the ninth power of maximum wind speed. Second, greenhouse warming is likely to lead to stronger hurricanes, but the evidence on hurricane frequency is unclear. We ...

This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ACP if available. Abstract Unusually large wind shears across the inversion in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer (MBL) were frequently observed during VOCALS-REx. To investigate the impact of wind shear on the MBL turbulence struct...

PURPOSE Estimating wind chill index as one of the indexes effective in body comfort, specifically for athletes and tourists interested in winter sports. METHODS Meteorology data including temperature and the percentage of relative humidity of 6 synoptic stations of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyrai province, Iran from 1990 to 2007 were extracted from Iranian Meteorology Site. In order to calculate the v...

The photometric U orbital variations of the symbiotic binary AG Dra, caused by occultation of a bright gaseous region by the K giant in this system, are used to derive the emission from the circumbinary nebula, that is supposed to be generated by the cool giant’s wind. Assuming spherical symmetry and constant expansion velocity for the wind, and that the giant has the same intrinsic continuum e...

The demand for renewable energy has led to construction of offshore wind farms with high-power turbines, and many more wind farms are being planned for the shallow waters of the world’s marine habitats. The growth of offshore wind farms has raised concerns about their impact on the marine environment. Marine mammals use sound for foraging, orientation and communication and are therefore possibl...