OBJECTIVE Alcohol price data collected by the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association (ACCRA) have been widely used in studies of alcohol consumption and related behaviors. A number of problems with these data suggest that they contain substantial measurement error, which biases conventional statistical estimators toward a finding of little or no effect of prices on behavior. We te...

This paper presents a theoretical proposal of fuzzy instrumental variable (FIV) methods for nonlinear discrete time systems identification and parameter estimation in noisy environment based on the fuzzy instrumental variable concept. The theoretical analysis is presented using a suitable formulation associated to Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model. The complexity of the algorithm is quite low and ...

Measurements of the radiance distribution and fluence rate within turbid samples with fiber-optic radiance microprobes contain a large variable instrumental error caused by the nonuniform directional sensitivity of the microprobes. A general theory of three-dimensional radiance measurements is presented that provides correction for this error by using the independently obtained function of the ...

The positional accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) is affected by several errors, the most predominant error being the ionospheric delay. This delay is proportional to the total electron content (TEC). The dual frequency GPS observables can be used to estimate the TEC. The line-of-sight TEC estimated from dual frequency GPS data is corrupted by the instrumental biases of the GPS satelli...

We introduce a generalization of the approximate factor model for which the observable variables belong to a nite number of groups. The error terms of variables that belong to di erent groups are assumed to be at most weakly correlated, but the correlation between the errors of variables that belong to the same group is not restricted. We propose an approximate instrumental variables method to ...

where φ is the parameter of interest which models the relationship while U is an error term. Contrary to usual statistical regression models, the error term is correlated with the explanatory variables X, hence E(U |X) 6= 0, preventing direct estimation of φ. To overcome the endogeneity of X, we assume that there exists an observed random variable W , called the instrument, which decorrelates t...

Error correction models are widely used to estimate dynamic cointegrated systems. In most applications, estimated error correction models are reduced form models. As a result, nonstructural speed of adjustment coefficients are estimated in these applications. A single equation instrumental variable method can be used to estimate a structural speed of adjustment coefficient. This paper develops ...

The requirements of instrumental rationality are often thought to be normative conditions on choice or intention, but this is a mistake. Instrumental rationality is best understood as a requirement of coherence on an agent's non-instrumental desires and means-end beliefs. Since only a subset of an agent's means-end beliefs concern possible actions, the connection with intention is thus more obl...