The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to establish a Technical Committee 201 (TC201) on the standardization of surface chemical analysis in 1991. Since then, TC201 has published 38 ISO standards. They concern the vocabulary, instrument specifications, pretreatments of specimen, the procedures for analysis, apparatus alignments, measurement conditions, quantification a...

Companies often implement multiple process variants in their organizations at the same time. Often these variants differ widely in terms of efficiency, quality and cycle time. In times of highly volatile global economic markets, companies cannot afford unnecessary redundant business processes. Business Process Standardization has therefore become a major topic in the field of Business Process M...

Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to create geometrically complex parts that require a high degree of customization, using less material and producing less waste. Recent studies have shown that AM can be an economically viable option for use by the industry, yet there are some inherent challenges associated with AM for wider acceptance. The lack of standards in AM impedes its use fo...

Business process standardization (BPS) is an important instrument for transforming an organization from function orientation to process orientation. But, standardization initiatives’ implementation success is highly volatile. One major reason for failure is the behavior and the underlying job-related attitude of the affected employees. Recent research examining BPS implementation success propos...

s. Approximately one third (n=97, 34%) of trials used some form of an IGA. NorthAmerican-based studies used the IGA more frequently compared to European –based studies (77% vs. 30%, p<0.001). The IGA served as the primary outcome measure in 30% of trials.Of the 97 trials using an IGA, 62% used a static scale and 39% used a dynamic scale that referenced baseline severity, with one trial ...

The Wolpe-Lange Fear Survey Schedule was administered to 141 psychiatric outpatients who met the criteria for a primary Axis I diagnosis of one of the DSM-III anxiety disorders. Standardization data were obtained for this instrument and their clinical and research implications are discussed.

Stress and coping in the families caring for their member with mental retardation has recently received worldwide research attention. There is no comprehensive instrument to study these issues in India. This study reports on development and standardization of a new instrument to fill this lacuna. Family Interview for Stress and Coping in Mental Retardation (FISC - MR), a semi-structured intervi...

The objective of the study was translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the instrument Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r). The ESAS-r is a revised version of the instrument ESAS that assesses nine symptoms in Palliative Care. This is a methodological study based on a benchmark composed of six steps: translation, synthesis, backtranslation, expert committee...

Clinical photography in the field of oculoplastic surgery has many applications. It is possible for clinicians to obtain standardized clinical photographs without a studio. A clinician photographer has the advantage of knowing exactly what to photograph as well as having immediate access to the images. In order to maintain standardization in the photographs, the photographic settings should rem...