We study fixation probabilities and times as a consequence of neutral genetic drift in subdivided populations, motivated by a model of the cultural evolutionary process of language change that is described by the same mathematics as the biological process. We focus on the growth of fixation times with the number of subpopulations, and variation of fixation probabilities and times with initial d...

The purpose of this work is to provide a model for the average time to detection for observers searching for targets in photorealistic images of cluttered scenes. The proposed model builds on previous work that constructs a fixation probability map (FPM) from the image. This FPM is constructed from bottom-up features, such as local contrast, but also includes top-down cognitive effects, such as...

BACKGROUND Because the tension that exists in an anterior cruciate ligament graft when the knee is unloaded (the initial tension) affects the surgical outcome and because high initial tension has a number of adverse consequences, the primary purpose of this study was to determine quantitatively how much less initial tension was required for a high-stiffness construct than for a low-stiffness co...

An eye movement experiment was conducted to examine effects of local lexical predictability on fixation durations and fixation locations during sentence reading. In the high-predictability condition, a verb strongly constrained the lexical identity of the following word, while in the low-predictability condition the target word could not be predicted on the basis of the verb. The results showed...

conclusions the use of absorbable tacks during tapp confers significant benefit regarding the operating time, however it is a disadvantage due to the cost when compared with fibrin glue. results the group of tacks ‘tapp’ showed good results concerning the level of pain, fatigue and foreign body sensation comparable with those of the historical group. there were significant differences concernin...

With today’s aging population, musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, degenerative arthritis, and degenerative spine disease, are on the rise, and these conditions are associated with increased fracture risk. Intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients often involve severe displacement or comminution with poor bone quality. Accordingly, various treatment methods for hip fracture hav...

1. The reduction in saccadic reaction time associated with the introduction of a period of darkness between the disappearance of an initial fixation point and the appearance of a new peripheral saccade target is known as the gap effect. Fixation cells in the rostral pole of the monkey superior colliculus have been implicated in the control of active visual fixation and suppressing saccadic eye ...

An important issue in the understanding of eye movements in reading is what kind of non-foveal information can influence where we move our eyes. In Experiment 1, first fixation landing positions were nearer the beginning of misspelled words. Experiment 2 showed that the informativeness of word beginnings does not influence where words are first fixated. In both experiments, refixations were mor...