background in the influenza a viruses, neuraminidase (na), hemagglutinin (ha), pb2, ns1 and m are responsible for the disease pathogenicity. the mechanism of pathogenicity differs among these viruses. binding of host proteases by the viral na, sequence of ha in the cleavage and receptor-binding sites, number of oligosaccharide side chains of ha, shortening of na, and substitutions in pb2, ns1 a...

background and objectives: virosomes are virus like particles (vlp) assembled in-vitro. influenza virosomes maintain the cell binding and membrane fusion activity of the wild type virus but are devoid of viral genetic material or internal proteins. influenza virosomes mimic the natural antigen presentation route of the influenza virus. materials and methods: virosomes were prepared by membrane ...

Background: Both influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause acute respiratory infection (ARI) in infants and young children. This study was conducted to determine Influenza A virus and its co infection with RSV among the hospitalized children with ARI. Methods: A total of 153 throat samples of the hospitalized young children aged between below one year and 5 years with...

background and aims: influenza is one of the main respiratory infections of humans, responsible for 300,000–500,000 annual deaths world-wide. vaccination is one of the best ways to prevent infections including influenza. influenza virosomes are virus-like particles, which retain the cell binding and membrane fusion properties of the native virus, but lack the ribonucleoprotein (rnp). a virosoma...

objective: monitoring of influenza virus shedding and optimization of multiplicities of infection (moi) is important in the investigation of a virus one step growth cycle and for obtaining a high yield of virus in vaccine development and conventional basic diagnostic methods. however, eluted infectious viruses may still be present immediately after virus inoculation and when cells are washed fo...

Sambucus nigra (elder) are broadly used species to treat microbial infections. Thepotential antiviral activity and mechanism action of elder fruit (EF) in human epithelium cell(A549) cultures infected with H9N2 influenza virus were determined. The effect of variousconcentrations of EF on influenza virus replication was examined by using virus titration,quantitative real time RT-PCR, fusion and ...

Background and Aims: Influenza A virus of Orthomyxoviridae family is able to create pandemic influenza. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection. Matrix protein 2 (M2) is a homotetramer ion channel with 97 amino acids length and highly conserved among influenza viruses and is considered for development of a universal influenza vaccine. Materials and Methods: We...

Background and Aims: Influenza A viruses are important pathogens for humans especially in pandemic episodes. Two adamantane derivates, amantadine and rimantadine, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections. However, single amino acid substitutions in the M2 transmembrane domain which lead to amantadine resistance of these viruses occur at residues 26, 27, 30, 31 or 3...