coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease q fever, and ruminants being considered as the main source for human infection. although the main route of infection in human is inhalation of contaminated aerosols, oral transmission by contaminated raw milk or unpasteurized dairy products is also a possible route of infection. raw milk or dairy products produced from unpasteuriz...

Experiments were carried out with Sw albino mice and it was concluded that the percutaneous route via abdominal skin was significatively more efficient than tail immersion method and subcutaneous infection; the subcutaneous injection was significatively more efficient than the percutaneous infection through the tail; this latter and the intraperitoneal injection, resulted in similar infections,...

The pathogenesis of coxsackie B virus (CVB) infections is generally studied in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, whereas the gastrointestinal tract is the natural porte d'entrée in humans. The present study was undertaken to compare systematically the influence of infection route on morbidity and pathology. Swiss Albino mice were infected with CVB3 (Nancy) at different doses (5 x 10(3),...

Evolution of pathogen virulence is affected by the route of infection. Also, alternate infection routes trigger different physiological responses on hosts, impinging on host adaptation and on its interaction with pathogens. Yet, how route of infection may shape adaptation to pathogens has not received much attention at the experimental level. We addressed this question through the experimental ...

Both healthy and so called chronic carriers of the virus of poliomyelitis occur in man. Wide diversity of view prevails as to the frequency with which carriage of the virus arises and as to the period of persistence of the virus in the carriers. According to one group of observers (Wickman, 1 and Kling, Pettersson, and Wernstedt 2), healthy and chronic carriers arise numerously during epidemics...

The microsporidium Octosporea bayeri can infect its host, the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna, vertically and horizontally. The two routes differ greatly in the way the parasite leaves the harbouring host (transmission) and in the way it enters a new, susceptible host (infection). Infections resulting from each route may thus vary in the way they affect host and parasite life-histories and,...