Bacterial infections are common in the neonates and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sixty percent of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units received at least one antibiotic during the first week of life. Penicillins, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins comprised 53, 43 and 16%, respectively. Kinetic parameters such as the half-life (t1/2), clearance (Cl), and vol...

Care of the high-risk neonate usually refers to the low-birth-weight infant or the sick term newborn. Whereas hyperbilirubinemia is certainly a matter of concern in these infants, the decisions that must be made regarding jaundice in the high-risk neonate are, in general, less complex than those that must be made for the healthy full-term infant. For the term and near-term infant, shorter hospi...

1 Parameswari A, Vakamudi M, Manickam A et al. Nasal fiberoptic–guided oral tracheal intubation in neonates and infants with Pierre Robin sequence. Pediatr Anesth 2011; 21: 170–171. 2 Xue FS, Luo MP. Management of difficult pediatric airways. In: Xue FS, eds. Modern Airway Management: A Key Technique for Clinical Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Zheng-Zhou: Zheng-Zhou University Publishin...

Although opiates can provide patients with relief from pain and the discomfort of cough, the routine prescription of these drugs for infants demands caution and concern. Infants, particularly neonates, are not merely small adults requiring smaller dosages, but rather uniquely different patients. Neonates present with an immature physiology and biochemistry with respect to drug metabolism. We re...

Every year in the United States approximately 40,000 infants are born with congenital heart disease. Several of these infants require corrective or palliative surgery in the neonatal period. Mortality rates after cardiac surgery are highest amongst neonates, particularly those born prematurely. There are several reasons for the increased surgical mortality risk in neonates. This review outlines...

Vitamin D is important for the development, growth, and mineralization of the skeletal in neonates and children. Vitamin D is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium. Vitamin D is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Pregnant women in developed countries often have insufficient serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and a supplementation of vitamin...

Vitamin A is the generic name given to a group of fat-soluble compounds including retinol (the alcohol form), retinyl esters, retinaldehyde and retinol acid. Deficiency, first recognized in 1912, can damage the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. It can also affect immunocompetence, the reproductive function, growth and vision. The dose of vitamin A for neonates is 5,000 IU given int...

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is becoming a national epidemic. Neonates with NAS display myriad signs during withdrawal from the drugs they were exposed to in utero. One sign is skin excoriation, as well as other skin injuries. While care of the neonate experiencing NAS has been well documented in the literature, the care of the skin of that neonate has not. The purpose of this monograph i...

Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis are common in both term and premature infants who have had difficult neonatal courses.  Multiple factors may contribute and being born from a diabetic mother  Is one of them. This case is about a neonate with nephrocalcinosis .she is followed to 9months and remained healthy during a 9 month follow up.

Central venous cannulation of infants may be challenging. Ultrasonography is recommended and has been found superior to classic landmark technique in pediatric central venous cannulation. The cannulation of the subclavian vein using supraclavicular approach under real-time ultrasound guidance is a novel technique. It may have advantages over ultrasound-guided jugular vein cannulation in specifi...