The Indus basin heavily depends on its upstream mountainous part for the downstream supply of water while downstream demands are high. Since downstream demands will likely continue to increase, accurate hydrological projections for the future supply are important. We use an ensemble of statistically downscaled CMIP5 General Circulation Model outputs for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 to force a cryospheric-...

The offered approach is based on the establishment of the functional dependence between river water discharge (Q) and suspended ms ,in a number of observations, which noticeably differs from the mean value (R) of subsequent allocated period(s). The earliest period anthropogenic component during the subsequent period(s) is the difference between an actual suspended sediment yield and its hypothe...

The Dravidians had their own tradition of writing. It would appear that they introduced writing to the Indus Valley. They continued to use this writing on their pottery in South India and later punch-marked coins. This is supported by the discovery of writing in South India dating back to before 600 BC. In a recent paper Srinivasan et al. argue that the Indus Valley writing was a syllabic multi...

Due to increasing water use, diversion and salinization, along with subsidence sea-level rise, deltas in arid regions are shrinking worldwide. Some of the most ecologically important include Colorado, Indus, Nile, Tigris-Euphrates. The primary stressors vary globally, but these threatened by increased storage diversion, eutrophication, wetland loss. In order make sustainable over time, some flo...

Freshwater scarcity is a growing concern, placing considerable importance on the accuracy of indicators used to characterize and map water scarcity worldwide. We improve upon past efforts by using estimates of blue water footprints (consumptive use of ground- and surface water flows) rather than water withdrawals, accounting for the flows needed to sustain critical ecological functions and by c...

In August 2010, Pakistan experienced major floods and a subsequent cholera epidemic. To clarify the population dynamics and transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan, we sequenced the genomes of all V. cholerae O1 El Tor isolates and compared the sequences to a global collection of 146 V. cholerae strains. Within the global phylogeny, all isolates from Pakistan formed 2 new subclades (PSC-1 a...