The current European patent system is not satisfactory. Scientists, industrialists, administrators and politicians are not happy with legislation concerning Intellectual Property Rights, IPR. The innovative science brings new dilemmas like stem cells (pluripotent and totipotent) and digitalization of literature and data bases. Simultaneously, the cost of patenting is very high (mostly due to tr...

The European Union has aspired to create an “ever closer union” among its people since the articulation of the European Union citizenship has been an important instrument towards it. However, attempts at creating this “ever closer union” have focused on homogenizing European citizens as a single entity without taking into account the heterogeneous differentials among such citizens. Gender diffe...

The analysis of capital markets efficiency has attracted a considerable number of studies in empirical finance, but conflicting and inconclusive outcomes have been generated. The aim of this paper is to find any evidence that the selected emergent capital markets (eight emergent European and BRIC markets, namely Hungary, Romania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Brazil, Russia, India and China) abide b...

Iran’s energy and petrochemical exports have recently been restricted by a series of international sanctions. This paper focuses on one of the country’s exports, namely methanol – a petrochemical increasingly used for fuel blending and traded at various locations worldwide – and empirically explores the relationships among the North American, European, and Asian markets to investigate the incid...

The aim of the present investigation was to check natural aflatoxin contamination and aflatoxigenic potential of Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from chilgoza pine nuts. Fifty eight samples of chilgoza pine nuts, randomly purchased from retail shops and local markets of different locations of Jammu, were subjected to mycological analysis for isolation of Aspergillus flavus isolates using st...

ITER is an unprecedented collaboration between the European Union, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States. Its ambitious goal is to show that fusing hydrogen nuclei to make helium — the same process that heats up the Sun and powers hydrogen bombs — is a technologically feasible way to produce electricity. The experiment is under construction at a site in St-Paul-lez-Dura...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the quantitative effects of outdoor air pollution, represented by 10 µg/m(3) increment of PM10, on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China, United States and European Union through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Publications in English and Chinese from PubMed and EMBASE were selected. The Cochrane Review Handbook of Generic Invers...

In this paper, cointegration relationships among 26 global stock market indices over the periods of sub-prime and European debt crisis and their influence rank are investigated by constructing and analyzing directed and weighted cointegration networks. The obtained results are shown as follows: the crises have changed cointegration relationships among stock market indices, their cointegration r...

In this paper, we use a set of complementary techniques to examine the time-varying level of integration of European government bond markets. We consider daily bond returns and prices over the 1998-2003 period. Strong contemporaneous and dynamic linkages are found between individual European Union (EU) markets and the German market. However, there is no such evidence for the three accession mar...