the air transport industry is seeking to manage risks in air travels. its main objective is to detect abnormal behaviors in various flight conditions. the current methods have some limitations and are based on studying the risks and measuring the effective parameters. these parameters do not remove the dependency of a flight process on the time and human decisions. in this paper, we used an hmm...

The accurate co-alignment of the transmitter to the receiver of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter is a challenging task for which an original alignment concept had to be developed. We present here the design, construction and testing of a large collimator facility built to fulfill the tight alignment requirements. We describe in detail the solution found to attenuate the high energy of the instru...

Alignment technology plays an important role in navigation, and is used extensively throughout military civilian applications. However, the existing in-flight alignment methods cannot be applied to low-cost based strap-down inertial navigation system/global positioning system integrated system, short-endurance high-speed rotation flight bodies, since they quickly obtain results meet accuracy re...

The flight software for the on-board Apollo Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System provides attitude and trajectory control, recursive navigation, targetting, inertial subsystem moding and alignment, prelaunch checkout, crew interaction and telemetry processing for each spacecraft. To develop and flightqualify this complex software package, an all-digital, instruction-by-instruction si...

birds, sometimes numbering in millions, can cause serious damage to grain fields. in order to find a method to accordance with environmental issues and effective in controlling these birds, in this research, the effect of sound was studied for keep birds away. the broadcast unit was developed with the following design criteria: 1) three sound levels of hawk, gas gun and sparrow distress, with f...