Mucosal surfaces are habitats for the physiological microflora and are closely related to the mucosal immune compartment (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT). Recently, considerable evidence has been accumulated showing that defined members of the physiological microflora express/liberate low molecular weight substances (peptides) which apparently are essential for the adequate immune resp...

BACKGROUND The comparative effectiveness of available targeted immunomodulators for moderate-to-severe psoriasis has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of targeted immunomodulators for adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. METHODS Systematic literature review of placebo-controlled and head-to-head randomized trials of eight targeted immunomodu...

Immunomodulators were tested for their ability to stimulate proliferation and biologic activity of ameboid microglia. Only the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), multipotential-CSF (multi-CSF) and granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), were potent mitogens for microglia. Other immunomodulators, including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor, or granulocyte-CSF (G-...

BACKGROUND Although many clinical trials have been conducted in treatments of Crohn's disease (CD), whether the trial results were representative of daily practice needs to be supported by studies conducted in real-world settings. AIM This study aims to identify how CD is treated and what are the clinical effectiveness and safety of the pharmaceutical therapies of CD in real-world settings. ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (nonimmunosuppressants and immunosuppressants). DATA SOURCES We completed an online systematic search using PubMed to identify all articles published in English between January 1990 and December 2013 assessing the effect of the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (with and without immun...

Secondary loss of response (LoR) often precludes further use of infliximab in children with Crohn's disease. Immunomodulators may reduce the incidence of LoR but their combination with infliximab presents safety concerns. We aimed to determine the long-term durability of infliximab response in paediatric Crohn's, effect of immunomodulators on LoR, and secondarily the effect of infliximab on gro...