Anuran amphibians accumulate a large amount of urea in their extracellular fluids to avoid a severe dehydration under dry and hyper-saline environments. To clarify the mechanisms of urea retention, we examined structure and distribution of the urea transporter (UT) in the kidney of the marine toad (Bufo marinus), and its expression in the kidney and urinary bladder following exposure to dry and...

BACKGROUND Normal physiological voiding, as well as generation of abnormal bladder contractions in the diseased state, is critically dependent on acetylcholine-induced stimulation of contractile muscarinic receptors on the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. This study investigated the effect of pelvic nerve neurectomy and estrogen treatment on the M2 muscarinic receptors of urinary bladder...

Phosphorylated ERK expression has been demonstrated in the central and peripheral nervous system after various stimuli, including visceral stimulation. Changes in the activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK) were examined in the urinary bladder after 4 h (acute), 48 h (intermediate), or chronic (10 day) cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment. CYP-induced cys...

INTRODUCTION Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNC) is defined in the urinary bladder, as in other sites, as a high-grade neoplasm exhibiting neuroendocrine features at the H&E level, high mitotic activity and evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry. We report a case of pure bladder LCNC with review of the literature. METHODS A 68-year-old male presented with gr...

A case of carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder characterized by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry is described. The use of these studies in poorly differentiated bladder neoplasms and in suspected cases of carcinosarcoma is encouraged. Increased accuracy in characterizing these tumors will permit a better understanding of their natural history and response to therapy.

Chemokines are proinflammatory mediators of the immune response, and there is growing evidence for chemokine/receptor signaling involvement in pronociception. Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort perceived to be bladder-related with at least one urinary symptom. We have explored the expression and functi...

PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations have been associated with achondroplastic syndromes and urinary bladder carcinomas. Here we describe changes in FGFR3 mRNA and protein expression in transitional carcinomas and determine the effect of monoclonal antibodies against FGFR3 in RT-112 cell line proliferation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used microarray tools to evaluate FGFR...

breast cancer is the most common cancer in women except skin cancer. the common metastatic sites include lymph node, lung, liver and bone. however, metastasis to the bladder is extremely rare. to our knowledge, this is the first case of breast cancer metastasis to urinary bladder in jordan which is reported. nine years after the initial diagnosis of lobular breast carcinoma, the patient suffere...

thirty clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis, 15 with intact urinary bladder and 15 with ruptured urinary bladder, were used to study the changes in peritoneal fluid cytology. the percentage of neutrophils was highly increased than the normal reference range reported for cattle with slight decrease in lymphocyte percentage. the value for neutrophil percent was almost similar in both intact...