The rapid evolution of bacteria is crucial to their survival and is caused by exchange, transfer, and uptake of DNA, among other things. Conjugation is one of the main mechanisms by which bacteria share their DNA, and it is thought to be controlled by varied bacterial immune systems. Contradictory results about restriction-modification systems based on phenotypic studies have been presented as ...

Tryptophan is required for T lymphocyte effector functions. Its degradation is one of the mechanisms selected by tumors to resist immune destruction. Two enzymes, tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, control tryptophan degradation through the kynurenine pathway. A third protein, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2, was identified more recently. All three enzymes were reported...

Plant-colonizing fungi secrete a cocktail of effector proteins during colonization. After secretion, some these effectors are delivered into plant cells to directly dampen the immune system or redirect host processes benefitting fungal growth. Other function in apoplastic space either as released modulating activity enzymes associated with defense bound cell wall. For such wall–bound effectors,...

results cloning and subcloning of the flic gene were confirmed by colony pcr, restriction enzymes digestion and dna sequencing of the recombinant plasmids pprime-flic and pvax-flic. the expression of flagellin protein in eukaryotic cells was approved by immunofluorescence assay (ifa), western blotting analysis and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. conclusions t...

The activation of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) enzymes by direct interaction with viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a key part the innate immune response to infection. A downstream effect OAS-dsRNA degrade single-stranded prevent spread virus. OAS2, one members OAS family, depends on dsRNA length. Combining in vitro experiments and mathematical modelling, we test different hypothese...

protein-rich hydrolysate from feather waste was obtained using a mixed culture of selected thermophilic actinomycete strains, and was tested for possible application as soil amendment and biological control agent. for this purpose, a 4 months laboratory experiment was carried out using two types of urban soils (sofia, bulgaria): native park soil and anthropogenic soil. the effect of the obtain...

Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signali...

Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) has become an economically important fish in China the past decade. However, Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate, causes considerable economic losses mariculture of T. ovatus. To characterize pathogenesis C. irritans ovatus, pathological properties, immune-related enzyme activity and expression NEMO gene was analysed. The results from histological sect...

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common cause of anemia in dogs. The immune aggression towards erythrocytes can be triggered by many pathological conditions such as infection, inflammatory disease or neoplasia. Upon ruling out any eliciting conditions, a diagnosis of the primary immune-mediated disease can be made. In this particular case of severe anemia (tested positive for circul...