Images and videos on webs and in databases are increasing. It is a pressing task to develop effective methods to manage and retrieve these multimedia resources by their content. Text, which carries high-level semantic information, is a kind of important object that is useful for this task.When a machine generated text is printed against clean backgrounds, it can be converted to a computer reada...

Automatic image annotation, structuring of images, content-based information indexing and retrieval are based on the textual data present in those images. Text extraction from images is an extremely difficult and challenging job due to the variations in the text such as text scripts, style, font, size, color, alignment and orientation; and due to extrinsic factors such as low image contrast (te...