Differentiation of endemic East African tick-borne relapsing fever Borrelia duttonii spirochetes from epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) B. recurrentis spirochetes into different species has been questioned. We assessed a noncoding intragenic spacer (IGS) region to compare genotypes found in clinical samples from relapsing fever patients. Although IGS typing was highly discriminatory a...

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of plants is present in high copy number and shows variation between and within species in the length of the intergenic spacer (IGS). The 45S rDNA of flowering plants includes the 5.8S, 18S and 25S rDNA genes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2), and the intergenic spacer 45S-IGS (25S-18S). This study identified six different types of 45S-IGS, A to F, which at 3...

Ionogels (IGs) based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) bis-1-butyl-3-methlimidazolium tetrachloridocuprate(II), tetrachloride cobaltate(II), and tetrachlorido manganate(II) have been synthesized and their mechanical and electrical properties have been correlated with their microstructure. Unlike many previous examples, the current IGs show a decrea...

We have assessed the Immunogold Cell-Labeling System (IGS) for potential use in the clinical laboratory. In this technique, cell suspensions incubated with monoclonal mouse antibodies are reacted with anti-mouse antibodies labeled with colloidal gold. Surface marker cells, bearing dark blue-black granules, are easily distinguished by light microscopy. The percentages of T cells, T cell subsets,...

The advantages offered by Image Guided Surgery (IGS) to medical professionals during a minimally-invasive surgical operation are overwhelming. Although a sophistication growth in imaging techniques can provide the surgeon with high quality guidance but there is still a need for more improvement in IGS application such as: computational time which impedes its full deployment in intra-operative s...

We explored the feasibility and acceptability of an Internet grocery service (IGS) as an approach to improving food access in urban neighborhoods. In our pilot study, caregivers residing in a documented Chicago food desert (N = 34, 79% ethnic minority) received a voucher to use a commercial IGS to purchase groceries for their household. Caregivers most frequently purchased fruits, vegetables, m...

BACKGROUND Anti-HIV immunoconjugates targeted to the HIV envelope protein may be used to eradicate the latent reservoir of HIV infection using activate-and-purge protocols. Previous studies have identified the two target epitopes most effective for the delivery of cytotoxic immunoconjugates the CD4-binding site of gp120, and the hairpin loop of gp41. Here we construct and test tetravalent doubl...

Induction generators (IGs) are becoming important day by day in wind energy conversion. As such the numbers of IGs in a power system are increasing hence posing power quality problems. When large numbers of IGs are switched on or switched off from a circuit give rise to transients in the power system. In this paper authors tried to explore the effect of machine parameters on starting transients...

Detailed analysis of variation in intergenic spacer (IGS) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA drawn from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster has revealed contrasting patterns of homogenization although both spacers are located in the same rDNA unit. On the basis of the role of IGS regions in X-Y chromosome pairing, we proposed a mechanism of single-strand exchanges ...

Increased albuminuria is a hallmark of early diabetic nephropathy, whereas the role of immunoglobulins (Igs), such as IgG (its 1-4 subtypes), IgA, and IgM, different in charge and size, has not been examined in early nephropathy in the past due to lack of a sensitive and reliable method. Our study group consisted of subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and normoalbuminuria (n = 78), microalbumin...