Some economists worry about the ‘spaghetti bowl phenomenon’ expected from proliferating regional trade agreements (RTAs). In particular, the complicated web of hub-and-spoke type of overlapping free trade agreements (FTAs) can result in high costs for verifying rules of origin (RoO) and trade diversion or suppression effects. This explains why almost half of the RTAs notified to the General Agr...

The WTO system and democratic rights are unexpected bedfellows. The GATT ⁄WTO requires governments to adopt policies that provide foreign products (read producers) with due process, political participation, and information rights related to trade policymaking. Because these nations also provide these rights to their citizens, a growing number of people are learning how to influence trade-relate...

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was notable in largely excluding agriculture whereas the World Organization (WTO) brought into world trade rules. This article aims to evaluate impacts of production productivity, especially changes between GATT WTO periods. Using a panel 126 countries from 1962-2014, this derives not only spillover effects that were overlooked, but also provides mo...

The Government of Indonesia through Regulation the Minister Energy and Mineral Resources Number 11 2019 concerning second Amendment to 25 2018 Coal Mining Exploitation (Permen ESDM 11/2019) decided stop exporting nickel ore from 1 January 2020. This regulation is considered violate Quantitative Restriction Principle in Article XI General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT) being demanded by Europ...

It has long been observed that developing countries made scant use of dispute settlement under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Less clear are the reasons for this. Most observers insist that the various GATT reforms that were intended to help developing countries failed to insulate them from the “power politics” of the system (Kuruvila, 1997). Not surprisingly, many of these ...