HydroTrend v.3.0 is a climate-driven hydrological water balance and transport model that simulates water discharge and sediment load at a river outlet, by incorporating drainage basin properties (river networks, hypsometry, relief, reservoirs) together with biophysical parameters (temperature, precipitation, evapo-transpiration, and glacier characteristics). HydroTrend generates daily discharge...

The issue of graphic map load is currently very often overlooked. Conversely, having an objective knowledge the level a helps cartographers to assume map’s readability and suitability for target group users. aim this study is, therefore, use Graphic Map Load Measuring Tool (GMLMT) Subband Entropy script as metrics evaluate influence terrain type (plains, hills, highlands, mountains, high mounta...

Few global syntheses of oxygen and carbon isotope composition pedogenic carbonates have been attempted, unlike marine carbonates. Pedogenic represent in-situ indicators the climate conditions prevailing on land. The ?18O ?13C values are controlled by local factors, many them not affecting largely used to probe changes. We compile isotopic data (N= 12,167) from Cretaceous Quaternary-aged paleoso...

one of the natural hazards in mountainous areas, which always cause great losses of life and financial damages, is the avalanche fall. since, survey the avalanche-prone areas for prevention the probable damages is considerably important, especially when the avalanche paths affect the residential areas or roads. in this research, based on local information, one of the avalanche paths in the chah...

Reconstruction of glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) associated with advance stages of former ice masses is widely used as a tool for palaeoclimatic studies. This requires an accurate reconstruction of palaeo-glacier surface hypsometry, based on geomorphological evidence. Classically, the approach used to define ice-surface elevations follows the ‘cartographic method’, whereby contours a...

Glacier surface mass balance evaluated over the actual glacier geometry depends not only on climatic variations, but also on the dynamic adjustment of glacier geometry. Therefore, it has been proposed that reference-surface balances calculated over a constant glacier hypsometry are better suited for climatic interpretation. Here we present a comparison of 82 year modelled time series (1926– 200...

Development and interpretation of morphometric maps are important tools in studies related to neotectonics and geomorphology; Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows speed and precision to this process, but applied methodology will vary according to available tools and degree of knowledge of each researcher about involved software. A methodology to integrate GIS and statistics in morphometr...

The notion is developed of a mass-balance time constant applicable to the Northern Hemispheric glacier inventory taken as a whole. Ice dynamics are incorporated only implicitly in its estimation, which follows directly from a consideration of observed mass-balance and hemispheric temperature time series. While such a parameter must certainly be related to the rate at which glacier hypsometry ad...