Hypoxemia is a major comorbid factor for permanent brain damage in several metabolic encephalopathies. To determine whether hypoxia impairs brain adaptation to hyponatremia, worsening brain edema, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies in cats and rats with hyponatremia plus either ischemic or hypoxic hypoxia. Mortality with hypoxic hypoxia was 0%; with hyponatremia, 22%; and with hyponatrem...

INTRODUCTION Hyponatremia is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. This analysis aimed to assess if hyponatremia also has prognostic value in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), a syndrome characterized by acute decompensation of cirrhosis, organ failure(s) and high short-term mortality. METHODS We performed an analysis of the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium...

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. Many studies documented that it was related to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and neurologic diseases. Although knowledge of hyponatremia has been cumulated, the optimal management of hyponatremia remains incompletely established in clinical practice beca...

Hospital Physician January 2009 23 Hyponatremia represents an abnormal ratio of total body sodium to water and is commonly defined as a plasma sodium concentration less than 135 mEq/L (1 mEq/L = 1 mmol/L).1–7 Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients, with mild hyponatremia (plasma sodium < 135 mEq/L) present in approximately 15% to 22% of patients, modera...

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte balance disorder, especially in the elderly and polymedicated population. The authors report the case of an 83-year-old man with symptomatic severe hyponatremia due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) related to pantoprazole. Pantoprazole was discontinued and serum sodium levels reached normal values in two months. To t...

BACKGROUND Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disorder. However, hyponatremia rarely results from excessive water intake, unless the kidney is unable to excrete free water, such as in patients on thiazide diuretics; in addition, hyponatremia is an uncommon cause of rhabdomyolysis. METHODS We present a 51-year-old hypertensive woman on chronic hydrochlorothiazide therapy who develop...

Hyponatremia complicates 1% of hospital admissions and can be associated with serious central nervous system effects. We report a case of a 38year-old woman with hyponatremia resulting in seizures and coma. Medications are one of many causes of hyponatremia. This case emphasizes the need to consider selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as a potential source of hyponatremia in all age...

Hyponatremia is a clinically relevant disorder. Ten to twenty per cent of patients in hospitals are affected by it. Hyponatremia is found to occur in almost every clinical department. Recently, vasopressin antagonists have been licensed to treat hyponatremia of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). They provide physicians with the first specific and effective the...

Dilutional hyponatremia is a commonly observed disorder in hospitalized patients. It represents an excess of water in relation to prevailing sodium stores and is most often associated with a high plasma level of arginine vasopressin, including that found in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Hyponatremia may be classified as either acute or chronic depen...

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is not so frequent but it is a representative entity of hyponatremia. Although the clinical features were established by Bartter and Schwartz more than 30 years ago (1), a prototype of their diagnostic criteria has been applied so far. Hyponatremia is not a rare condition, especially in elderly persons. Nearly 1 to 5% of ho...