Background: Cysteine proteases of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, participate in catabolism of proteins, migration of the fluke through host tissues and combat host immune system. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated proteolytic activity of F. hepatica recombinant cathepsin L1 (rCL1) against gelatin and collagen as common substrat...

entomopathogenic fungi produce a variety of degrading enzymes, including proteases, chitinases and lipases, to facilitate their entry through the massive barriers of insect cuticle. isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi vary considerably in their proteolytic activity and virulence. the proteolytic activity of different isolates has been hypothesized to reflect their virulence toward the host. ...

Although many enzymes can promote chemical reactions by tuning substrate properties purely through the electrostatic environment of a docking cavity, this strategy has proven challenging to mimic in synthetic host-guest systems. Here, we report a highly charged, water-soluble, metal-ligand assembly with a hydrophobic interior cavity that thermodynamically stabilizes protonated substrates and co...

High-K ceramics are embedded into a polymer host to create an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate that possess superior properties to previous bandgap implementations in terms of stopband width, attenuation per layer, and practicality. Ceramics are periodically spaced in a commercially-available, Teflon-based host to create a bandgap that spans from 12.1 to 24.1 GHz. Miniature dielectric ro...

The concept of the coevolutionary arms race holds a central position in our understanding of pathogen-host interactions. Here we identify the molecular mechanisms and follow the stepwise progression of an arms race in a natural system. We show how the evolution and function of the HopZ family of type III secreted effector proteins carried by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are influence...

In this paper we present an in depth investigation on the effects of epitaxial lift off (ELO) on GaAs MESFETs. DC and microwave characteristics as well as thermal effects are considered. Devices were fabricated on a GaAs foundry process and transplanted by ELO. ELO is a technology by which epitaxially grown layers are lifted off from their growth substrate and are subsequently re-attached to a ...

The type III secretion system (TTSS) encoded by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) is employed by Salmonella enterica for interaction with host cells during the intracellular phase of pathogenesis. This TTSS secretes a set of SPI2-encoded proteins in vitro and translocates Salmonella serovar Typhimurium translocated effectors (STE) that are encoded by genes ou...