How people maintain and repair their self-esteem has been a topic of widespread interest. In this article, the authors ask, What determines whether people will use direct, remedial actions, or defensive actions? In three studies, they tested the hypothesis that a belief in fixed intelligence (entity theory) would produce defensiveness, whereas a belief in improvable intelligence (incremental th...

This research places self-handicapping and defensive pessimism (comprising defensive expectations and reflectivity) into a single conceptual and analytic framework that models the full self-protective process across time. Data on two occasions collected during students (n 1⁄4 328) first two years at university show: performance orientation positively predicts self-handicapping, defensive expect...

4 October 2000 Abstract This paper gives a formalization of defensive and enterprising strategies for firms. It then asks the question whether a rise in competition tends to make firms more enterprising or more defensive. Distinguishing three ways in which competition can be intensified, I find the following results. A rise in the number of opponents and a reduction in opponents’ costs make a f...

BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hyperarousal and active fight or flight defensive responses. By contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD, characterized by depersonalization and derealization symptoms, is frequently accompanied by additional passive or submissive defensive responses associated with autonomic blunting. Here, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays...

GQM+Strategies is an approach that aligns the business goals at each level of an organization to strategies to achieve overall business goals and assesses the achievement of such goals. Strategies are extracted from business goals based on rationales (contexts and assumptions). Using the proposed approach, which refines the GQM+Strategies model by extracting rationales based on the analysis of ...

The practical defensive and offensive application of Information Warfare most frequently involves the use of complicated compound strategies, in which multichannel and multilayered attacks must be analysed. This paper presents a systematic approach to the analysis problem, which is exploitable for defensive and offensive purposes.

1. Tropical plants express multiple defensive traits that enable them to resist, deter or escape herbivores. In this study, we approached plant defensive adaptations by focusing on variation and interaction between sets of plant defensive strategies from a community perspective. 2. We compared two sites: the aseasonal Amazonian forest of Yasuni, Ecuador, and the seasonal forest of Barro Colorad...

Basketball is a dualistic sport: all players compete on both offense and defense, and the core strategies of basketball revolve around scoring points on offense and preventing points on defense. However, conventional basketball statistics emphasize offensive performance much more than defensive performance. In the basketball analytics community, we do not have enough metrics and analytical fram...