Purpose: According to a survey, the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 52% of men beyond 40 years of age may have some degrees of erectile failure, and it is projected to affect 322 million men worldwide by 2025. We present a framework for the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of the male patient who presents with erectile dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the litera...

Circadian rhythm is a biological process that regulates neuronal, metabolic, and hormonal functions following 24-hour cycle. Parkinson’s disease (PD) progressive neurodegenerative disorder, it exhibits diurnal fluctuations in motor non-motor symptoms. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to circadian dysfunction PD patients. This review summarizes the existing research on rhythms especi...

a total number of 124 women of childbearing age attending a family planning clinic in teheran were investigated for the effects of contraceptive steroids and the intra-terine device on their hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, serum iron and serum tibc. a total of 42 women were used as control group of 42 women who were fitted with an intra-uterine device, 17 were studied for changes ...

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults who may be sexually active. MS patients experience high levels of sexual dysfunction with hypoactive sexual behavior and abnormalities in hypothalamus- pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of sex hormones durin...

Thyroid ectopy is a rare condition, caused by dysfunction during migration of the thyroid gland its embryogenesis. It generally associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. Patients this pathology are mostly asymptomatic. seen in childhood an anterior cervical mass which confuses it cyst thyroglossal tract. The diagnosis made ultrasound imaging, scintigraphy and histological examination. Managem...

Neurohormonal systems play a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis as well cardiovascular pathophysiology and diseases such as congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Neurohormonal activation is an important cause and therefore an important therapeutic target to treat cardiovascular diseases. It is well established that activation of hor...

Background The obesity pandemic has grown to concerning proportions in recent years, not only in the Western World, but in developing countries as well. The corresponding decrease in male fertility and fecundity may be explained in parallel to obesity. Obesity in men is associated with infertility in numerous studies. MaterialsAndMethods In this review article, electronic searches were undertak...

DESCRIPTION The American College of Physicians developed this guideline to present the available evidence on hormonal testing in and pharmacologic management of erectile dysfunction. Current pharmacologic therapies include phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, mirodenafil, and udenafil, and hormonal treatment. METHODS Published literature on this t...

Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will improve hormonal therapy. On the other hand, there has been an increase in criticism of hormonal therapy, because hormonal therapy is supposed to induce adverse effects such as ca...

Preeclampsia is a multisythemic disorder in pregnancy. Some theories reveal that PE result of imuune and hormonal response disorders during In the preeclampsia there endothelial dysfunction controlling vascular function to respond blood composition as physical barrier exchange fluid, ion proteins cells from through vasculer wall. addition, decrease angiogenesis vasodilatation vessels oxygen pre...