with the advent of cyberspace and development of data and information, virtual cities were presented as new forms of city management in different layers and territories. historic and tourism virtual city are among eight types of virtual cities. in this article some guidelines were presented in order to design and manage them based on tehran tourists' need assessment. theoretical framework ...

Assessment of landscape change is critical for attainment of regional sustainability goals. Urban growth assessments are needed because over half the global population now lives in cities, which impact biodiversity, ecosystem structure and ecological processes. Open space protection is needed to preserve these attributes, and provide the resources humans need. The San Francisco Bay Area, Califo...

The majority of the world's population will live in cities in the next few years and the pace of urbanization worldwide will continue to accelerate over the coming decades. While the number of megacities is projected to increase, the largest population growth is expected to be in cities of less than one million people. Such a dramatic demographic shift can be expected to have an impact on popul...

Urbanism in the Indian subcontinent occurred in three distinct time periods in which cultural cohesion over large regions is archaeologically demonstrated through the architecture and artifacts of social, ritual, and economic activity. In the Indus (2500– 1900 B.C.) and Early Historic (3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) periods, cities were not necessarily tied to political territories or gu...

The present issue of European Spatial Research and Policy is the first of two numbers dedicated to ‘Planning systems facing heritage issues in Europe: from protection to management, in the plural interpretations of the values of the past’. The concept arose from a meeting held in June 2013 at the conference on ‘Changing Cities’ in Skiathos, Greece, where a group of planners decided to compare t...