In the present study, we show that the fastest runners and swimmers are becoming not only faster but also heavier, taller and more slender. During the past century, the world record speeds for 100 m-freestyle and 100 m-dash have increased with body mass (M) raised to the power 1/6, in accordance with the constructal scaling of animal locomotion. The world records also show that the speeds have ...

The height of the front of the seat is the primary determinant of appropriate seat size in the school setting. In the present study, this dimension was fixed at 445 mm and, using a brief adjustment period, students adjusted the angle of the seat to their preferred rear seat height (PRSH) under three fixed and one adjustable desk height conditions and for one desk height, under two time conditio...

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The physical stature of lowerand upper-class English youth are compared to one another and to their European and North American counterparts. The height gap between the rich and poor was the greatest in England, reaching 22 cm at age 16. The poverty-stricken English children were shorter for their age than any other European or North American group so far discovered, while the English rich were...

Although a height >2SD below the mean for age and gender is used to define short stature, evaluation of short children based on this criteria yields organic etiology only in 14 % of these children. However, when a height SD <−3 is considered for the evaluation of short stature, the proportion of children with organic causes increases to 58 %. Nevertheless, children with height between −2SD and ...

Authors: Noémie SA Becker, Paul Verdu, Barry Hewlett and Samuel Pavard 1 Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology UMR 7206, CNRS-MNHN-Univ. Paris7, Musée de l'Homme, 75016 Paris; 2 Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. *All authors equally contributed to this work Corresponding author: Samuel Pavard : Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology UMR 7206, Musée de l'Homm...

BACKGROUND It is unclear whether Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with skeletal disproportion in adulthood. METHODS Height (Ht), sitting height (SHt) and leg length were studied in 44 children (male: 22), 23 adults (male: 10) with childhood-onset (CO) CD and 26 adults (male: 9) with adult-onset (AO) CD with a median (range) age of 13.7 (10, 17.3), 21.5 (18, 32) and 31.0 (22, 40) years, resp...

generalizing the Neron-Tate pairing on abelian varieties. Note that our cycles are of a dimension where their expected intersection has dimension −1. Example 1.1 ([9], [3]) Let C/K be a smooth projective curve, with ∞ ∈ C(K) giving i : C ↪→ Pic(C). Let 〈·, ·〉NT : Pic(C)(K)×Pic(C)(K)→ R be the Neron-Tate height pairing, identifying P̂ic(A) ∼= Pic(A) via the theta divisor. Then, once we have defin...

A large literature documents a widespread prevalence of small stature among Indian children as well as adults. We show that a height gap relative to a richer population such as whites in England also exists, although substantially reduced, among adult immigrants of Indian ethnicity in England. This is despite positive height selection into migration, demonstrated by ethnic Indian adults in Engl...