background: the h9n2 subtype of avian influenzaviruses (aivs) have spread in asia and middle east countriesand have become a serious threat to poultry industry in iran.objectives:characterization of genes of h9n2 subtype involvingin pathogenicity and diagnosis are crucial in control of avianinfluenza outbreaks. the nonstructural (ns) gene and its proteinproducts (ns1 & ns2) are important as...

The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further unders...

BACKGROUND: The H9N2 subtype of avian influenzaviruses (AIVs) has been isolated in multiple avian species inmany European, Asian, African and American countries. Sincethe first outbreak of H9N2 virus in Iran in 1998, this virus haswidely circulated throughout the country, resulting in majoreconomic losses in chicken flocks. Several amino acids in thevirus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex includi...

BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses represent a growing threat of an influenza pandemic. The co-circulation of multiple H9N2 genotypes over the past decade has been replaced by one predominant genotype-G57 genotype, which displays a changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. Effective H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus vaccines for poultry are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE In thi...

INTRODUCTION Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have been reported to cause human infections. This study demonstrates the impact of nasal viral passaging of avian H9N2 in hamsters on its cross species-pathogenic adaptability and variability of amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) stalk. METHODOLOGY Three intranasal passagings of avian H9N2 in hamsters...

background and aims: avian influenza (ai) h9n2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the united states in 1966 and has been panzootic in eurasia. in iran, the h9n2 virus was first isolated from broiler chickens in 1998 in ghazvin province and it is the most prevalent subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry in iran at the present time. materials and methods: in this study, we se...

Avian influenza viruses of subtype H9N2 that are found worldwide are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. Furthermore, by co-circulating with other influenza subtypes, they can generate new viruses with the potential to also cause zoonotic infections, as observed in 1997 with H5N1 or more recently with H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. Comparative analysis of the adaptive mutations in polymerases...

background and aims: influenza a virus subtype h9n2 have continued to circulate in domestic poultry farms in asia since 1998. the virus circulates in live bird markets, missing link in epidemiology of avian influenza. regarding previous studies on h9n2 viruses of iran and having no data on this subject in iranian live bird markets this study was conducted to analyze genetically hemagglutinin pr...

Influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. Vaccination against influenza virus subtype H9N2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. Recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. At p...

Continuous circulation of influenza A(H5N1) virus among poultry in Egypt has created an epicenter in which the viruses evolve into newer subclades and continue to cause disease in humans. To detect influenza viruses in Egypt, since 2009 we have actively surveyed various regions and poultry production sectors. From August 2010 through January 2013, >11,000 swab samples were collected; 10% were p...