Without fundamental changes healthcare costs will continue to accelerate faster than the gross domestic product while consuming larger portions of individual and corporate incomes. Although the problems are widely acknowledged, we believe that there is an underappreciated defect driving these undesirable events. The essence of that defect is that the major portion of the money is outside the co...

In this paper, we present a micro estimate detennining taxable income as a function of gross income and all major deduction options depending on ho~sehold and asset categories. It is shown that tax savings strongly increase with ulcreasing income, resulting in a decreasing effective marginal tax rate for the highest income groups. We compute a lower bound on 1983 aggregate income tax losses' to...

A strictly risk-averse individual with an exogenous gross income in period one can acquire human capital in the same period and evade taxes. Period-two income rises with educational investments in period one and can also be hidden from tax authorities. It is shown that a greater tax deductibility of educational investments and higher individual ability induce a positive correlation between tax ...

The evidentiary data detailing the economic state of low-income developing and least developed countries (‘LDCs) is both well known and relatively uncontroversial. On the whole, these nations can be characterised as having a low per capita gross domestic product (‘GDP’), unfortunate standards of living and extremely poor levels of health and services. Moreover, these nations have high levels of...

Reconciling the aims of feeding an ever more demanding human population and conserving biodiversity is a difficult challenge. Here, we explore potential solutions by assessing whether land sparing (farming for high yield, potentially enabling the protection of non-farmland habitat), land sharing (lower yielding farming with more biodiversity within farmland) or a mixed strategy would result in ...

by Donald E. Rigby* Blind and disabled Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients may work and continue to receive benefits under certain provisions of the program. For those persons the basic earned income exclusions of the program apply, l which recognize the costs associated with employment and assures that they will have a higher gross income when they work than if they do not. The law a...

OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...

In recent times, many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, have been left puzzled by their failure to improve nutritional outcomes despite prolonged periods of rapid economic growth, in some cases accompanied by rising incomes among the poor. The Tanzanian economy is one example of a country that failed to reap the benefits of sustained rapid growth. National gross ...

Annual Current-Dollar Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  National income and product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...