A Shake and Bake machine translation algorithm for Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar is introduced based on the algorithm proposed by Whitelock for unification categorial grammar. The translation process is then analysed to determine where the potential sources of inefficiency reside, and some proposals are introduced which greatly improve the efficiency of the generation algorithm. Prelimin...

This paper addresses the problem that manual checking of output representations becomes impracticable in extensive tests during grammar development or in data-intensive applications of the grammar, like grammar-based lexicon acquisition from corpora. A method of annotating the sentences to be parsed with target expressions is proposed, using the LFG formalism itself to specify the expressions, ...

In the Microsoft Natural Language Processing System (MSNLP), grammar sharing between English, French, Spanish, and German has been an important means for speeding up the development time for the latter grammars. Despite significant typological differences between these languages, a mature English grammar was taken as the starting point for each of the other three grarnmars. In each case, throug...

the category of verb as the nucleus of sentence has a significant importance in grammar. this grammatical category has specific semantic and syntactic characteristics in different languages. in role and reference grammar as a functional grammar, predicates are classified into five classes including states, activities, achievements, accomplishments and active-accomplishments. these five classes ...

This paper shows an experimental study about the design of grammars for a voice interface system. The influence of the grammar design on the behavior of the voice recognition system regarding accuracy and computational cost is assessed through tests. With the redesign of a grammar we show that those characteristics can be expressively improved.

The focus of this study is to investigate the comparative effect of teaching grammar through interpretation tasks and pictorial clues on EFL learners’ writing accuracy. The participants were 60 female intermediate EFL learners with age range of 21-35 who were divided into two experimental groups after being homogenized by a piloted PET test. In the piloted researcher-made pre-test, the research...

Humans show variable degrees of success in acquiring a second language (L2). In many cases, morphological and syntactic knowledge remain deficient, although some learners succeed in reaching nativelike levels, even if they begin acquiring their L2 relatively late. In this study, we use psycholinguistic, online language proficiency tests and a neurophysiological index of syntactic processing, th...

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been shown to be impaired on some nondeclarative memory tasks that require cognitive skill learning (perceptual-motor sequence learning, probabilistic classification). To determine what other skill-based tasks are impaired, 13 patients with PD were tested on artificial grammar learning, artificial grammar learning with transfer to novel lettersets, an...