Introduction: Teacher evaluation, as an important strategyfor improving the quality of education, has been considered byuniversities and leads to a better understanding of the strengthsand weaknesses of education. Analysis of instructors’ scoresis one of the main fields of educational research. Since outliersaffect analysis and interpretation of information processes bothstructurally and concep...

Usually when performing a statistical test or estimation procedure, we assume the data are all observations of i.i.d. random variables, often from a normal distribution. Sometimes, however, we notice in a sample one or more observations that stand out from the crowd. These observation(s) are commonly called outlier(s). Outlier tests are more formal procedures which have been developed for detec...

We systematically present four calculi for gradual typing: the blame calculus of Wadler and Findler (2009); a novel calculus that pinpoints blame precisely; the coercion calculus of Henglein (1994); and the threesome calculus of Siek and Wadler (2010). Threesomes are given a syntax that directly exposes their origin as coercions in normal form, a more transparent presentation than that found in...

Objective: This article presents an application of cluster analysis for social sciences researches especially those studies that have an interview as part of their data collection. This application is more suitable for sequential mixed method researchers who use quantitative data to frame subsequent qualitative subsamples for conducting interviews.  Methods: In more detail, the algorithm (i....

Recently, a theoretical fuzzy IR system, based on gradual inclusion measures, has been proposed [1]. In this model, derived from the division of fuzzy relations, the gradual inclusion of a query in a document is modeled by a fuzzy implication. In previous papers, we have shown that, under some assumptions, this model can be seen as a Vector Space Model. This paper also studies other interpretat...

PURPOSE This study aimed to develop an algorithm for uncovering associations masked by extreme reporting rates, characterize the occurrence of masking by influential outliers in two spontaneous reporting databases and evaluate the impact of outlier removal on disproportionality analysis. METHODS We propose an algorithm that identifies influential outliers and carries out parallel analysis aft...