Retaining a child at grade level has become increasingly popular, consistent with the emphasis on accountability and standards in elementary education. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research examining the academic and socioemotional outcomes associated with grade retention. Following a brief historical overview of previously published literature reviews, a summary of studi...

The level of pupils’ acquired phonological awareness at the beginning 1st grade primary school presupposes a high probability ability to perform an initial reading. purpose study was check correlation and regression between final sound reading words in Slovenian language. Accordingly, 192 first-grade pupils were included sample. words. importance findings highlights promotion voice kindergarten.

We develop a model that identifies a range of new and somewhat counterintuitive results about how the incentives created by academic institutions affect student and faculty behavior. The model provides a theoretical basis for grade inflation and the behavioral response of students. Comparative statics are used to analyze the effects of institutional expectations placed on faculty. The results s...

To enable improvements in school health promotion, this paper examines associations between the number of health-promotion issues addressed by primary school teachers in the Netherlands and factors thought to influence this behavior. The main factors studied are context characteristics and constructs of attitude, social influence, self-efficacy (SE) and perceived barriers. A total of 180 primar...

We use administrative data from 44 large garment factories in Bangladesh to examine pay differentials between female and male production workers. Wages are highly regulated, with the government specifying, and our firms complying with, minimum‐wage rates for each operator grade level. Even in a context where the average wage of operators is only a few percentage points above minimum‐wage , we f...

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Colombian New School (Escuela Nueva) program in raising student achievement in Spanish and mathematics. Typical program strategies include multigrade instruction, flexible student promotion, and community involvement. The paper finds that New Schools are better endowed with inputs like textbooks and place greater emphasis on active learning than tra...

Background: promotion of a written narratives production program in the third grade of an Elementary School. Aim: to analyze two written narrative practice proposals in order to verify which resources are more efficient in benefitting the textual productions of third grade Elementary School students. Method: sixty students were selected from two third grade groups of a public Elementary School ...

Chronic inflammation has been considered an important risk factor for development of prostate cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial moieties or endogenous molecules and play an important role in the triggering and promotion of inflammation. In this study, we examined whether expression of TLR4 and TLR5 was associated with progression of prostate transformation in the transgenic...