This is the first (Paper I) of three companion papers focused respectively, on the estimates of the errors in ice thickness retrieved from pulsed ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, on how to estimate the errors at the grid points of an ice-thickness DEM, and on how the latter errors, plus the boundary delineation errors, affect the ice-volume estimates. We here present a comprehensive analysi...

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is based on high-frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and its detecting targets are below the ground surface (Daniels, 2004; Jol, 2009). Velocity and attenuation are two important factors describing the electromagnetic wave in the media composed of rocks or soils. Velocity is inverse proportional to the root of the permittivity while other parameters are fix...

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology finds applications in many areas such as geophysical prospecting, archaeology, civil engineering, environmental engineering, and defence applications as a non-invasive sensing tool [3], [6], [18]. One key component in any GPR system is the receiver/transmitter antenna. Desirable features for GPR antennas include efficient radiation of ultra-wideband pul...

Research has focused on the development of a new integrated approach including ground penetrating radar (GPR) design, GPR signal forward modelling, and GPR signal inversion to estimate the dielectric permittivity and electric conductivity of the shallow subsurface. We propose to use an ultrawide band (UWB) stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar combined with an offground monostatic tran...

An integrated geophysical survey using both the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and groundpenetrating radar (GPR) methods was undertaken over a cave of great archaeological interest in southern Italy. The survey was performed to assess the stability of the carbonate rock roof of the cave. A geophysical survey was preferred to boreholes and geotechnical tests, in order to avoid the risk ...

Soil pipes are common and important features of many catchments, particularly in semi-arid and humid areas, and can contribute a large proportion of runoff to river systems. They may also significantly influence catchment sediment and solute yield. However, there are often problems in finding and defining soil pipe networks which are located deep below the surface. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR...

We extend the beable interpretation, due to Bell, to the Ghirardi, Rimini and Weber [GRW] model of spontaneous collapse of the wave function. Results obtained by Vink are generalized to the modified Schrödinger equation of Ghirardi, Pearle and Rimini [GPR], which allows a beable interpretation for both position and momentum.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has found widespread application for the non-invasive characterization of the subsurface. Nevertheless, the interpretation of GPR measurements remains difficult in some cases, particularly when the subsurface contains thin horizontal layers with contrasting dielectric properties that might act as waveguides for electromagnetic wave propagation. GPR data affected b...

It has now been well established that the depth of bedrock is a key parameter in assessing the impact of local site conditions on seismic hazard analysis. Where conventional geotechnical testing like standard penetration test (SPT) or cone penetration test (CPT) requires a far greater cost and manpower to be used for such purposes, geophysical testing like ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and mul...

We have conducted a series of experiments designed to investigate elastic and electromagnetic (EM) velocity anisotropy associated with a preferentially aligned fracture system on a temperate valley glacier in south-central Alaska, USA. Measurements include a three-dimensional compressional wave (P-wave) seismic reflection survey conducted over a 300m 300m survey patch, with uniform source grid ...