Nanofluidic devices make use of molecular-level forces and phenomena to increase their density, speed and accuracy. However, fabrication is challenging, because dissimilar materials need to be integrated in three dimensions with nanoscale precision. Here, we report a three-dimensional nanoscale liquid glass electrode made from monolithic substrates without conductive materials by femtosecond-la...

Deformation of glass using heat occurs in many industrial and artistic applications, including the manufacturing of laboratory glass products, drawing of fiber optics, and hand-blown artistic creations. The formation of glass objects is an art, but the trialand-error procedures can be reduced by development of a systematic theory, especially when the objects are formed using mechanical means. G...

A simplified method to manufacture durable, glass-insulated, tungsten microelectrodes with sufficient control of the final electrode impedance is described. This method requires only two instruments, an electrolytic etcher for wires and pipette puller, for manufacturing these electrodes. The manufacture of these electrodes involves 3 steps: (1) etching tungsten wire to sharpen the tip, (2) insu...

potentiometric investigation on {h2o+nano3+peg1500} mixtures were made at t=308.15k, using electrochemical cells with two ion-selective electrodes, (na+ glass) as the cation ion-selective electrode against (no3- solvent-polymer pvc) as the anion ion-selective electrode. the mean ionic activity coefficients of nano3 were measured at different concentrations of  nano3 and peg. maximum concentrati...