The authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides reference materials as well as qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures is a prerequisite for certifying good manufacturing practice (GMP). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, representing protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, respectively, are accepted as marker substances...

BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are the main pharmacological components of Panax ginseng root, which are thought to be primarily responsible for the suppressing effect on oxidative stress. METHODS 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorption capacity were applied to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the ginsenosides. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293)...

aceae), is one of the most widely prescribed and intensively studied herbal medicines. Ginsenosides, the secondary metabolites and unique constituents in the Panax plants, are the pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng. There are two traditional preparations of ginseng, white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG), the dried root of ginseng and the steamed/dried root of ginseng, respectivel...

Ginseng, a traditional herbal medicine, may interact with several co-administered drugs in clinical settings, and ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, may be responsible for these ginseng-drug interactions (GDIs). Results from previous studies on ginsenosides' effects on human drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes are inconsistent and confusing. Herein, we first evaluated the inhibito...

Ginsenosides, the main effective components of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L., are important allelochemicals of ginseng. Although many studies have targeted the pharmacological, chemical, and clinical properties of ginsenosides, little is known about their ecological role in ginseng population adaptation and evolution. Pests rarely feed on ginseng, and it is not known why. ...

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via repressing nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB); however, its overactivation may disrupt homeostasis of various enzymes and transporters. Here we found that ginsenosides restore PXR/NFkB signaling in inflamed conditions without disrupting PXR function in normal conditions. The effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides in regulating P...

BACKGROUND In general, after Panax ginseng is administered orally, intestinal microbes play a crucial role in its degradation and metabolization process. Studies on the metabolism of P. ginseng by microflora are important for obtaining a better understanding of their biological effects. METHODS In vitro biotransformation of P. ginseng extract by rat intestinal microflora was investigated at 3...

Ginseng is a slow-growing, deciduous perennial plant that belongs to the Araliaceae family and the Panax genus. There are a variety of species but the two main types are Panax ginseng C.A Meyer (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng). Asian ginseng is further subdivided by drying method of the root into either red or white ginseng. Traditionally, both Asian and American ginse...

The present study was designed to simultaneously isolate the less polar ginsenosides from the flower buds of Panax ginseng (FBPG). Five ginsenosides, including a pair of new 20-methoxyl isomers, were extracted from FBPG and purified through a five-step integrated strategy, by combining ultrasonic extraction, Diaion Hp-20 macroporous resin column enrichment, solid phase extraction (SPE), reverse...

BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are the characteristic and principal components which manifest a variety of the biological and pharmacological activities of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng (GRR). This study was carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the ginsenosides in the cultivated and forest GRR. METHODS A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ...