We have performed and visualized chemical garden growth experiments directly in situ an environmental scanning electron microscope. The microscope chamber simulates the surface of Mars. demonstrate that gardens can form under conditions temperature pressure existing on Mars presence liquid water, silicates, metal salts. Using from aluminum salts, tubes were formed where external is principally ...

Data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collocated-sampler program for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) are used to estimate the overall error of NADP/NTN measurements. Absolute errors are estimated by comparison of paired measurements from collocated instruments. Spatial and temporal differences in absolute error were identified and are consist...

1. Geological Time: A Summary 2. Reconstruction and Relative Dating of Earth History 2.1. Early Ideas and Basic Principles 2.2. Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism 2.3. Geological Catastrophes and Events: Particular Historical Geological Phenomena 2.4. Rates of Geological Processes in Terms of Human Timescales 2.4.1. Earth Crust Movements 2.4.2. Plutonic and Volcanic Processes 2.4.3. Weathering...

Hf isotope ratios measured in igneous zircon are controlled by magmatic source, which may be linked to tectonic setting. Over the 200-500 Myr periodicity of the supercontinent cycle - the principal geological phenomenon controlling prevailing global tectonic style - juvenile Hf signals, i.e. most radiogenic, are typically measured in zircon from granites formed in arc settings (crustal growth),...

Anomaly recognition has always been a prominent subject in preliminary geochemical explorations. Among the regional geochemical data processing, there are a range of statistical and data mining techniques as well as different mapping methods, which serve as presentations of the outputs. The outlier’s values are of interest in the investigations where data are gathered under controlled condition...

The calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique requires no reference samples of the same matrix to establish calibration curve, not affected by effect. In recent years, CF-LIBS technology has greatly progressed, and accuracy quantitative analysis gradually improved. purpose this review was introduce fundamental modified algorithms. Boltzmann plot method, Saha–Bolt...