Reference strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus resembling the 10 recognized serotypes and local isolates of aquabirnaviruses isolated in northwestern Spain from reservoirs (mollusks) and from asymptomatic and carrier cultured fish were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleic acid sequence analyses. The RFLP analysis yielded seven genogroups, each of w...

In 239 torquetenovirus-positive people, multiple-genogroup infections were common and associated with higher viral loads than would be expected from simple additive effects. The latter observation was restricted to the infections which included both genogroups 1 and 3, pointing to the possible existence of some kind of infection facilitation between these genogroups.

BACKGROUND Human enterovirus (HEV)-71 causes large outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with central nervous system (CNS) complications, but the role of HEV-71 genogroups or dual infection with other viruses in causing severe disease is unclear. METHODS We prospectively studied children with suspected HEV-71 (i.e., hand-foot-and-mouth disease, CNS disease, or both) over 3.5 years, using d...

We investigated the incidence of sapovirus (SaV)-associated gastroenteritis in infants and children in Japan during 2007-2008 and characterized the diversity of SaV-positive strains. SaV was detected in 19 (4%) of 477 fecal specimens. The leading genogroup (79%, 15 cases) comprised intergenogroup recombinant SaVs (GII/GIV).

To determine links between human rhinoviruses (HRV) and asthma, we used data from a case-control study, March 2003-February 2004, among children with asthma. Molecular characterization identified several likely new HRVs and showed that association with asthma exacerbations was largely driven by HRV-A and a phylogenetically distinct clade of 8 strains, genogroup C.

Based on nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP6 genes, group A rotaviruses can be mainly differentiated into two genogroups. In this study, a method employing reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and degenerate primers was established to assign the VP6 genogroup. VP6 genogroup I and genogroup II could be determined according to the sizes of the amplicons: 380 and 780 bp,...

We analyzed whole-genome sequences of 8 enterovirus A71 isolates (EV-A71). We confirm the circulation of genogroup C and the new genogroup E in West Africa. Our analysis demonstrates wide geographic circulation and describes genetic exchanges between EV-A71 and autochthonous EV-A that might contribute to the emergence of pathogenic lineages.

The concentrations of Escherichia coli, F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage), and norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) in wastewater were monitored weekly over a 1-year period at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) providing secondary wastewater treatment. A total of 49 samples of influent wastewater and wastewater that had been treated by primary and...

MX virus is a Snow Mountain agent (SMA) genogroup human calicivirus (HuCV) identified in a Mexican child with diarrhoea. An ELISA using hyperimmune antisera to the recombinant MX virus (rMX) capsid was developed to detect SMA genogroup HuCVs in stool specimens. The rMX ELISA detected the prototype MX virus, SMA, and Hawaii agent (HA), but not Norwalk virus (NV) or Sapporo virus. Twenty-three di...