The creation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), in the Uruguay Round, and its entry into force in 1995 marked a new stage in the history of the multilateral system. It was motivated essentially by the rapid expansion of international services trade within an increasingly open environment in many countries. Given the peculiarities of services trade, including the intangible na...

Globalization should have a tremendous impact on health systems, particularly with the implementation of agreements related to trade in health services. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) Member States have made rather limited commitments in the area of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), necessary adaptations are needed to cope with t...

The creation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), in the Uruguay Round, and its entry into force in 1995 marked a new stage in the history of the multilateral system. It was motivated essentially by the rapid expansion of international services trade within an increasingly open environment in many countries. Given the peculiarities of services trade, including the intangible na...

Globalization is a key challenge facing health policy-makers. A significant aspect of this is direct trade in health services, a result of the rise of transnational corporations, challenges in health care financing, porous borders and improved technology creating the scope for increased 'foreign direct investment' (FDI) in health care. This has gathered momentum with the General Agreement on Tr...

The Court of Justice the European Union (CJEU) in Commission v Hungary Higher Education ruled that legal conditions introduced to enable foreign higher education institutions carry out their activities are incompatible with EU law. referred CJEU, claiming amendments Act 2011 Hungary's commitments as a member within following frameworks: General Agreement on Trade Services (GATS); freedom establ...

The likely impact of applying the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to higher education are examined. GATS aims to "open up" services to competition: no preference can be shown to national or government providers. The consequences for teaching are likely to be that private companies, with degree-awarding powers, would be eligible for the same subsidies as public providers. Appealing...

On October 6, 2020, the Court of Justice European Union (CJEU) handed down its judgment in Commission v. Hungary . It found that had violated General Agreement on Trade Services (GATS), as well internal law—specifically EU Charter Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). The case arose out Hungary's 2017 amendment to higher education law. imposed two novel requirements foreign universities operating Hu...