can decipher, I think, what the argument is supposed to be. First, it is clear that Pritchard thinks that the original perceptual evidence for any everyday proposition does not constitute evidence against the skeptical hypothesis. The reason for such a conclusion is presumably the underdetermination principle, according to which one has good evidence for p only if one’s evidence for p is eviden...

When any organisation is exposed to pressure to change, this not only mobilises considerable anxie ties within the organisation but calls a variety of defensive operations into play. The work of Jaques (1955) and Menzies Lyth (1959, 1988) has demon strated that this can result in the central problem ceasing to be the focus of attention, with primitive defensive mechanisms (often of an obssesion...

We formulate an algebra of binary tem poral relations between events the number of occurrences of which is unknown but which are known to recur in time Onto logically we view the temporal domain of recurring events as a set of convex in tervals of unknown cardinality Thus an explicit declarative representation of time adequate to solve reasoning problems in volving recurring events indicates a ...

Previous research using averted (e.g., leftward or rightward) gaze indicates that gaze perception requires a focus of attention. However, direct gaze, compared with averted gaze, is processed in the brain preferentially and enhances cognitive functions. Thus, it is necessary to use direct gaze to investigate whether gaze perception is possible without focused attention. We conducted a dual-task...

Gaze direction and especially direct gaze is a powerful nonverbal cue that plays an important role in social interactions. Here we studied the neural mechanisms underlying the privileged access of direct gaze to visual awareness. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy human volunteers who were exposed to faces with direct or averted gaze under continuous flash suppression...

How information is exchanged between the cognitive mechanisms responsible for gaze perception and social attention is unclear. These systems could be independent; the "gaze cueing" effect could emerge from the activation of a general-purpose attentional mechanism that is ignorant of the social nature of the gaze cue. Alternatively, orienting to social gaze direction might be directly determined...

Changes in corneal optics have been measured after downward gaze. However, ocular aberrations during downward gaze have not been previously measured. A commercial Shack-Hartmann aberrometer (COAS-HD) was modified by adding a relay lens system and a rotatable beam splitter to allow on-axis aberration measurements in primary gaze and downward gaze with binocular fixation. Measurements with the mo...

Since gaze is a kind of behavioral biometrics which is difficult to be detected by the surveillance due to the ambiguity of visual attention process, it can be used as a clue for anti-spoofing. This work provides the first investigation in research literature on the use of gaze estimation for face spoofing detection. Firstly, a gaze estimation model mapping the gaze feature to gaze position is ...

Vision is important for locomotion in complex environments. How it is used to guide stepping is not well understood. We used an eye search coil technique combined with an active marker-based head recording system to characterize the gaze patterns of cats walking over terrains of different complexity: (1) on a flat surface in the dark when no visual information was available, (2) on the flat sur...