natural gas is one of the hydrocarbon resources which is consumed vastly in the world. the asian and european markets, facing with a growing demand of hydrocarbon resources especially natural gas, are the most important consuming markets. hence, the security of natural gas supply is very important. based on the estimation of gas supply security index (gssi), the amount of vulnerability of selec...

recently, much attention has been given to stochastic demand due to uncertainty in the real -world. in the literature, decision-making models and suppliers' selection do not often consider inventory management as part of shopping problems. on the other hand, the environmental sustainability of a supply chain depends on the shopping strategy of the supply chain members. the supplier selection pl...

With the surge of the global energy demand, natural gas plays an increasingly important role in the global energy market. To meet the demand, optimization techniques have been widely used in the natural gas industry, and yielded a lot of promising results. In this chapter, we give a detailed discussion of optimization models in the natural gas industry with the focus on the natural gas producti...

Background for the model: The model tries to determine optimal allocation of natural gas in the time horizon between 1 and 3 years by minimizing both • shortages of natural gas and • the direct costs of supplying natural gas. In order to obtain these goals, the time horizon is divided into smaller decision time periods whose durations depend on the following: • The uncertainty in future weather...

Natural gas demand in the United States has been increasing for the last 15 years and is expected to increase substantially in the next 20 years (Energy Information Administration, 2003; National Petroleum Council, 1999). Demand is projected to increase in all sectors, especially electricity generation (Figure 1.1). In fact, 80 percent of projected electricity generation capacity additions thro...

this paper focuses on the residential sector demand for electricity, natural gas and petroleum products (kerosene, gas oil and lpg) in iran in the context of a popular locally flexible functional forms - “the almost ideal demand system (aids)”. we pay explicit attention to the theoretical regularity conditions of positivity, monotonicity, and curvature. we treat the curvature property as a main...

BACKGROUND Tracheal gas insufflation reduces inspired tidal volume and minute ventilation in spontaneously breathing patients and may facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE To determine if tracheal gas insufflation can reduce ventilatory demand during weaning trials in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. METHODS A reduction in ventilatory demand was def...

A large amount of wind power has to be curtailed due to the inflexibility of the combined heat and power (CHP) system in the heating season in northern China. The power-to-gas (P2G) technology, which uses electricity to produce hydrogen or synthetic natural gas, has become a promising energy conversion option for the utilization of surplus power energy. In this paper, an integrated natural gas,...