BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) can be classified into alphacoronavirus (group 1), betacoronavirus (group 2), and gammacoronavirus (group 3) based on diversity of the protein sequences. Their 3C-like protease (3CL(pro)), which catalyzes the proteolytic processing of the polyproteins for viral replication, is a potential target for anti-coronaviral infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Her...

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first isolated in Australia 1962. Ongoing surveillance and characterization of Australian IBVs have shown that they evolved separately from strains found throughout the rest world, resulting evolution a range unique changes dominant wild-type strains, affecting tissue tropism, pathogenicity, antigenicity, gene arrangement. Between 1961 1976 highly nephropat...

Infectious bronchitis is a disease of the upper respiratory tract chickens caused by Gammacoronavirus (infectious virus, IBV). Severe economic losses are IBV due to reduction in egg production and/or quality layers addition poor feed conversion and increased condemnations broiler chickens. The extreme variability this virus part its RNA genome, which predisposes it mutations generates genetic v...

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by a gammacoronavirus, is an OIE-listed (List B) disease and characterized by respiratory and renal involvements, causing high mortality, and economic loss in both layers and broilers. In comparison with other diagnostic methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and conventional RT-PCR are potent, more sensitive and faster techniques for infe...

avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by a gammacoronavirus, is an oie-listed (list b) disease and characterized by respiratory and renal involvements, causing high mortality, and economic loss in both layers and broilers. in comparison with other diagnostic methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and conventional rt-pcr are potent, more sensitive and faster techniques for infe...

25 26 Coronaviruses selectively package genomic RNA into assembled virions, despite the 27 great molar excess of subgenomic RNA species that is present in infected cells. The genomic 28 packaging signal (PS) for the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was originally identified 29 as an element that conferred packaging capability to defective interfering RNAs. The MHV PS is 30 an RNA structu...